fentaNYL 50 MCG/HR 72HR Transdermal System
Generic Name: FENTANYL
Brand Name: FENTANYL
- Substance Name(s):
- FENTANYL
DRUG INTERACTIONS
7 Table 6 includes clinically significant drug interactions with fentanyl transdermal system.
Table 6: Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with fentanyl transdermal system Inhibitors of CYP3A4 Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of fentanyl transdermal system and CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of fentanyl, resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of fentanyl transdermal system is achieved [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].
After stopping a CYP3A4 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the fentanyl transdermal system plasma concentration will decrease [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)], resulting in decreased opioid efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical dependence to fentanyl.
Intervention: If concomitant use is necessary, consider dosage reduction of fentanyl transdermal system until stable drug effects are achieved.
Monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals.
If a CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the fentanyl transdermal system dosage until stable drug effects are achieved.
Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal.
Examples Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g.
ketoconazole), protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir), grape fruit juice CYP3A4 Inducers Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of fentanyl transdermal system and CYP3A4 inducers can decrease the plasma concentration of fentanyl [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)], resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence to fentanyl [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].
After stopping a CYP3A4 inducer, as the effects of the inducer decline, the fentanyl plasma concentration will increase [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)], which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions, and may cause serious respiratory depression.
Intervention: If concomitant use is necessary, consider increasing the fentanyl transdermal system dosage until stable drug effects are achieved.
Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal.
If a CYP3A4 inducer is discontinued, consider fentanyl transdermal system dosage reduction and monitor for signs of respiratory depression.
Examples: Rifampin, carbamazepine, phenytoin Benzodiazepines and Other Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants Clinical Impact: Due to additive pharmacologic effect, the concomitant use of benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death.
Intervention: Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate.
Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required.
Follow patients closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7)].
Examples: Benzodiazepines and other sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, other opioids, alcohol.
Serotonergic Drugs Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions 5.10].
Intervention: If concomitant use is warranted, carefully observe the patient, particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment.
Discontinue fentanyl transdermal system if serotonin syndrome is suspected.
Examples: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), triptans, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, drugs that affect the serotonin neurotransmitter system (e.g., mirtazapine, trazodone, tramadol), monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (those intended to treat psychiatric disorders and also others, such as linezolid and intravenous methylene blue).
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) Clinical Impact: MAOI interactions with opioids may manifest as serotonin syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)] or opioid toxicity (e.g., respiratory depression, coma).
Intervention: The use of fentanyl transdermal system is not recommended for patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping such treatment.
Examples: phenelzine, tranylcypromine, linezolid Mixed Agonist/Antagonist and Partial Agonist Opioid Analgesics Clinical Impact: May reduce the analgesic effect of fentanyl transdermal system and/or precipitate withdrawal symptoms.
Intervention: Avoid concomitant use.
Examples: butorphanol, nalbuphine, pentazocine, buprenorphine Muscle Relaxants Clinical Impact: Fentanyl transdermal system may enhance the neuromuscular blocking action of skeletal muscle relaxants and produce an increased degree of respiratory depression.
Intervention: Monitor patients for signs of respiratory depression that may be greater than otherwise expected and decrease the dosage of fentanyl transdermal system and/or the muscle relaxant as necessary.
Diuretics Clinical Impact: Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone.
Intervention: Monitor patients for signs of diminished diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure and increase the dosage of the diuretic as needed.
Anticholinergic Drugs Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of anticholinergic drugs may increase risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus.
Intervention: Monitor patients for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility when fentanyl transdermal system is used concomitantly with anticholinergic drugs.
Mixed Agonist/Antagonist and Partial Agonist Opioid Analgesics: Avoid use with fentanyl transdermal system because they may reduce analgesic effect of fentanyl transdermal system or precipitate withdrawal symptoms.
(5.19, 7)
OVERDOSAGE
10 Clinical Presentation Acute overdose with fentanyl can be manifested by respiratory depression, somnolence progressing to stupor or coma, skeletal muscle flaccidity, cold and clammy skin, constricted pupils, and, in some cases, pulmonary edema, bradycardia, hypotension, partial or complete airway obstruction, atypical snoring, and death.
Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen with hypoxia in overdose situations [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)].
Treatment of Overdose Give primary attention to the reestablishment of a patent airway and institution of assisted or controlled ventilation, if needed.
Employ other supportive measures (including oxygen and vasopressors) in the management of circulatory shock and pulmonary edema as indicated.
Cardiac arrest or arrhythmias will require advanced life support techniques.
Once stable, ensure examine the patient and ensure that all fentanyl transdermal systems have been removed.
The opioid antagonists, such as naloxone or nalmefene, are specific antidotes to respiratory depression resulting from opioid overdose.
For clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to fentanyl overdose, administer an opioid antagonist.
Opioid antagonists should not be administered in the absence of clinically significant respiratory or circulatory depression secondary to fentanyl overdose.
Because the duration of opioid reversal is expected to be less than the duration of action of fentanyl in fentanyl transdermal system, carefully monitor the patient until spontaneous respiration is reliably reestablished.
After fentanyl transdermal system removal, serum fentanyl concentrations decline gradually, falling about 50% in approximately 20 to 27 hours.
Therefore, management of an overdose must be monitored accordingly, at least 72 to 96 hours beyond the overdose.
In an individual physically dependent on opioids, administration of the recommended usual dosage of the antagonist will precipitate an acute withdrawal syndrome.
The severity of the withdrawal symptoms experienced will depend on the degree of physical dependence and the dose of the antagonist administered.
If a decision is made to treat serious respiratory depression in the physically dependent patient, administration of the antagonist should be initiated with care and by titration with smaller than usual doses of the antagonist.
DESCRIPTION
11 Fentanyl transdermal system contains fentanyl, an opioid agonist, available as a patch for transdermal administration.
The amount of fentanyl released from each system per hour is proportional to the surface area (25mcg/h per 10.5 cm2) the composition per unit area of all system sizes is identical.
Dose* (mcg/h) Size (cm2) Fentanyl Content (mg) Color of Printing on Back of Patch 12** 5.35 1.38 Orange 25 10.7 2.76 Pink 50 21.4 5.52 Green 75 32.1 8.28 Blue 100 42.8 11.04 Gray * Nominal delivery rate per hour ** Nominal delivery rate is 12.5 mcg/hr The molecular weight of fentanyl base is 336.5, and the empirical formula is C22H28N2O.
The n-octanol: water partition coefficient is 860:1.
The pKa is 8.4.
The chemical name is N-phenyl-N-(1-(2-phenylethyl)-4-piperidinyl) propanamide.
The structural formula is: Fentanyl transdermal system is a rectangular transparent unit comprising a protective liner and two functional layers.
Proceeding from the outer surface toward the surface adhering to skin, these layers are: 1) a backing layer of polyethylene/aluminum/polyester film; 2) a drug-in-adhesive layer.
Before use, a protective liner covering the adhesive layer is removed and discarded.
CLINICAL STUDIES
14 Fentanyl transdermal system as therapy for pain due to cancer has been studied in 153 patients.
In this patient population, fentanyl transdermal system has been administered in doses of 25 mcg/h to 600 mcg/h.
Individual patients have used fentanyl transdermal system continuously for up to 866 days.
At one month after initiation of fentanyl transdermal system therapy, patients generally reported lower pain intensity scores as compared to a pre-study analgesic regimen of oral morphine.
The duration of fentanyl transdermal system use varied in cancer patients; 56% of patients used fentanyl transdermal system for over 30 days, 28% continued treatment for more than 4 months, and 10% used fentanyl transdermal system for more than 1 year.
In the pediatric population, the safety of fentanyl transdermal system has been evaluated in 289 patients with chronic pain 2 to 18 years of age.
The duration of fentanyl transdermal system use varied; 20% of pediatric patients were treated for ≤ 15 days; 46% for 16 to 30 days; 16% for 31 to 60 days; and 17% for at least 61 days.
Twenty-five patients were treated with fentanyl transdermal system for at least 4 months and 9 patients for more than 9 months.
HOW SUPPLIED
16 /STORAGE AND HANDLING Fentanyl transdermal system is supplied in cartons containing 5 individually packaged systems.
See chart for information regarding individual systems.
Fentanyl Transdermal System Dose (mcg/h) System Size (cm2) Fentanyl Content (mg) Color of Printing on Back of Patch NDC Number for Blister Containing Individual System NDC Number for Carton Containing 5 Systems Fentanyl Transdermal System-12* 5.35 1.38 Orange 60505-7010-0 60505-7010-2 Fentanyl Transdermal System-25 10.7 2.76 Pink 60505-7006-0 60505-7006-2 Fentanyl Transdermal System-50 21.4 5.52 Green 60505-7007-0 60505-7007-2 Fentanyl Transdermal System-75 32.1 8.28 Blue 60505-7008-0 60505-7008-2 Fentanyl Transdermal System-100 42.8 11.04 Gray 60505-7009-0 60505-7009-2 * This lowest dosage is designated as 12 mcg/h (however, the actual dosage is 12.5 mcg/h) to distinguish it from 125 mcg/h dosage that could be prescribed by using multiple patches.
Store in original unopened blister.
Store up to 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted from 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F).
RECENT MAJOR CHANGES
SECTION Boxed Warning 12/2016 Indications and Usage (1) 12/2016 Dosage and Administration (2) 12/2016 Contraindications (4) 12/2016 Warnings and Precautions (5) 12/2016
GERIATRIC USE
8.5 Geriatric Use Clinical studies of fentanyl transdermal system did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects.
Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients.
In general, use caution when selecting a dosage for an elderly patient, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
Data from intravenous studies with fentanyl suggest that the elderly patients may have reduced clearance and a prolonged half-life.
Moreover, elderly patients may be more sensitive to the active substance than younger patients.
A study conducted with the fentanyl transdermal system patch in elderly patients demonstrated that fentanyl pharmacokinetics did not differ significantly from young adult subjects, although peak serum concentrations tended to be lower and mean half-life values were prolonged to approximately 34 hours [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Respiratory depression is the chief risk for elderly patients treated with opioids, and has occurred after large initial doses were administered to patients who were not opioid-tolerant or when opioids were co-administered with other agents that depress respiration.
Titrate the dosage of fentanyl transdermal system slowly in geriatric patients and monitor closely for signs of central nervous system and respiratory depression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)].
Fentanyl is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function.
Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection, and it may be useful to monitor renal function.
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
3 Fentanyl transdermal system is available as: Fentanyl Transdermal System 12 mcg/hour1 (system size 5.35 cm2) is orange in color.
Fentanyl Transdermal System 25 mcg/hour (system size 10.7 cm2) is pink in color.
Fentanyl Transdermal System 50 mcg/hour (system size 21.4 cm2) is green in color.
Fentanyl Transdermal System 75 mcg/hour (system size 32.1 cm2) is blue in color.
Fentanyl Transdermal System 100 mcg/hour (system size 42.8 cm2) is gray in color.
1 This lowest dosage is designated as 12 mcg/hour (however, the actual dosage is 12.5 mcg/hour) to distinguish it from a 125 mcg/h dosage that could be prescribed by multiple patches.
Transdermal system: 12 mcg/hour, 25 mcg/hour, 50 mcg/hour, 75 mcg/hour, 100 mcg/hour.
(3)
MECHANISM OF ACTION
12.1 Mechanism of Action Fentanyl is an opioid agonist.
Fentanyl interacts predominately with the opioid mu-receptor.
These mu-binding sites are distributed in the human brain, spinal cord, and other tissues.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
1 Fentanyl transdermal system is indicated for the management of pain in opioid-tolerant patients, severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate.
Patients considered opioid-tolerant are those who are taking, for one week or longer, at least 60 mg morphine per day, 25 mcg transdermal fentanyl per hour, 30 mg oral oxycodone per day, 8 mg oral hydromorphone per day, 25 mg oral oxymorphone per day, 60 mg oral hydrocodone per day, or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid.
Limitations of Use Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses, and because of the greater risks of overdose and death with extended-release/long-acting opioid formulations [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)], reserve fentanyl transdermal system for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options (e.g., non-opioid analgesics or immediate-release opioids) are ineffective, not tolerated, or would be otherwise inadequate to provide sufficient management of pain.
Fentanyl transdermal system is not indicated as an as-needed (prn) analgesic.
Fentanyl transdermal system contains fentanyl, an opioid agonist, and is indicated for the management of pain in opioid-tolerant patients, severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate.
(1) Patients considered opioid-tolerant are those taking, for one week or longer, at least 60 mg oral morphine per day, 25 mcg transdermal fentanyl per hour, 30 mg oral oxycodone per day, 8 mg oral hydromorphone per day, 25 mg oral oxymorphone per day, 60 mg oral hydrocodone per day, or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid.
(2.1) Limitations of use: Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses, and because of the greater risks of overdose and death with extended-release opioid formulations, reserve fentanyl transdermal system for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options (e.g., non-opioid analgesics or immediate-release opioids) are ineffective, not tolerated, or would be otherwise inadequate to provide sufficient management of pain.
(1) Fentanyl transdermal system is not indicated as an as-needed (prn) analgesic
PEDIATRIC USE
8.4 Pediatric Use The safety of fentanyl transdermal system was evaluated in three open-label trials in 289 pediatric patients with chronic pain, 2 years of age through 18 years of age.
Starting doses of 25 mcg/h and higher were used by 181 patients who had been on prior daily opioid doses of at least 45 mg/day of oral morphine or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid.
Initiation of fentanyl transdermal system therapy in pediatric patients taking less than 60 mg/day of oral morphine or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid has not been evaluated in controlled clinical trials.
The safety and effectiveness of fentanyl transdermal system in children under 2 years of age have not been established.
To guard against excessive exposure to fentanyl transdermal system by young children, advise caregivers to strictly adhere to recommended fentanyl transdermal system application and disposal instructions [see Dosage and Administration (2.6), (2.7) and Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
PREGNANCY
8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy may cause neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
Available data with fentanyl transdermal system in pregnant women are insufficient to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage.
In animal reproduction studies, fentanyl administration to pregnant rats during organogenesis was embryocidal at doses within the range of the human recommended dosing.
When administered during gestation through lactation fentanyl administration to pregnant rats resulted in reduced pup survival and developmental delays at doses within the range of the human recommended dosing.
No evidence of malformations were noted in animal studies completed to date [see Data].
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown.
All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes.
In the U.S.
general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.
Clinical Considerations Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions Prolonged use of opioid analgesics during pregnancy for medical or nonmedical purposes can result in physical dependence in the neonate and neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome shortly after birth.
Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome presents as irritability, hyperactivity and abnormal sleep pattern, high pitched cry, tremor, vomiting, diarrhea, and failure to gain weight.
The onset, duration, and severity of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome vary based on the specific opioid used, duration of use, timing and amount of last maternal use, and rate of elimination of the drug by the newborn.
Observe newborns for symptoms of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)].
Labor or Delivery Opioids cross the placenta and may produce respiratory depression and psycho-physiologic effects in neonates.
An opioid antagonist, such as naloxone, must be available for reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the neonate.
Fentanyl transdermal system is not recommended for use in pregnant women during or immediately prior to labor, when use of shorter-acting analgesics or other analgesic techniques are more appropriate.
Opioid analgesics, including fentanyl transdermal system, can prolong labor through actions that temporarily reduce the strength, duration, and frequency of uterine contractions.
However, this effect is not consistent and may be offset by an increased rate of cervical dilatation, which tends to shorten labor.
Monitor neonates exposed to opioid analgesics during labor for signs of excess sedation and respiratory depression.
Data Human Data There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women.
Fentanyl transdermal system should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Chronic maternal treatment with fentanyl during pregnancy has been associated with transient respiratory depression, behavioral changes, or seizures characteristic of neonatal abstinence syndrome in newborn infants.
Symptoms of neonatal respiratory or neurological depression were no more frequent than expected in most studies of infants born to women treated acutely during labor with intravenous or epidural fentanyl.
Transient neonatal muscular rigidity has been observed in infants whose mothers were treated with intravenous fentanyl.
Animal Data No evidence of malformations or adverse effects on the fetus was reported in a published study in which pregnant rats were administered fentanyl continuously via subcutaneously implanted osmotic minipumps at doses of 10, 100, or 500 mcg/kg/day starting 2-weeks prior to breeding and throughout pregnancy.
The high dose was approximately 2 times the daily human dose administered by a 100 mcg/h patch on a mg/m2 basis).
In contrast, the intravenous administration of fentanyl (0, 0.01, or 0.03 mg/kg) to pregnant rats from Gestation Day 6 to 18 suggested evidence of embryo-toxicity and a slight increase in mean delivery time in the 0.03 mg/kg/day group (0.1 times the human dose administered by a 100 mcg/h patch on a mg/m2 basis).
There was no clear evidence of teratogenicity noted.
Pregnant female New Zealand White rabbits were treated with fentanyl (0, 0.025, 0.1, 0.4 mg/kg) via intravenous infusion from day 6 to day 18 of pregnancy.
Fentanyl produced a slight decrease in the body weight of the live fetuses at the high dose, which may be attributed to maternal toxicity.
Under the conditions of the assay, there was no evidence for fentanyl induced adverse effects on embryo-fetal development at doses up to 0.4 mg/kg (approximately 3 times the daily human dose administered by a 100 mcg/hr patch on a mg/m2 basis).
The potential effects of fentanyl on prenatal and postnatal development were examined in the rat model.
Female Wistar rats were treated with 0, 0.025, 0.1, or 0.4 mg/kg/day fentanyl via intravenous infusion from Day 6 of pregnancy through 3 weeks of lactation.
Fentanyl treatment (0.4 mg/kg/day) significantly decreased body weight in male and female pups and also decreased survival in pups at Day 4.
Both the mid-dose and high-dose of fentanyl animals demonstrated alterations in some physical landmarks of development (delayed incisor eruption and eye opening) and transient behavioral development (decreased locomotor activity at Day 28 which recovered by Day 50).
The mid-dose and the high-dose are 0.4 and 1.6 times the daily human dose administered by a 100 mcg/hr patch on a mg/m2 basis.
NUSRING MOTHERS
8.3 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential Infertility Due to effects of androgen deficiency, chronic use of opioids may cause reduced fertility in females and males of reproductive potential.
It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible [see Adverse Reactions (6.2) Clinical Pharmacology (12.2), Nonclinical Toxicology (13.1)].
BOXED WARNING
WARNING: ADDICTION, ABUSE, AND MISUSE; LIFE-THREATENING RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION: ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE; NEONATAL OPIOID WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 INTERACTION; RISK OF INCREASED FENTANYL ABSORBTION WITH APPLICATION OF INTERNAL HEAT; and RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE OF BENZODIAZEPINES OR OTHER CNS DEPRESSANTS Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse Fentanyl transdermal system exposes patients and other users to the risks of opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death.
Assess each patient’s risk prior to prescribing Fentanyl transdermal system, and monitor all patients regularly for the development of these behaviors and conditions [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Life-threatening Respiratory Depression Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with use of fentanyl transdermal system.
Monitor for respiratory depression, especially during initiation of fentanyl transdermal system or following a dose increase.
Because of the risk of respiratory depression, fentanyl transdermal system is contraindicated for use as an as-needed analgesic, in non-opioid tolerant patients, in acute pain, and in postoperative pain [see Contraindications (4) and Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2)] .
Accidental Exposure Accidental exposure to even one dose of fentanyl transdermal system, especially in children, can result in a fatal overdose of fentanyl.
Deaths due to an overdose of fentanyl have occurred when children and adults were accidentally exposed to fentanyl transdermal system.
Strict adherence to the recommended handling and disposal instructions is of the utmost importance to prevent accidental exposure [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)] .
Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Prolonged use of fentanyl transdermal system during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts.
If opioid use is required for a prolonged period in a pregnant woman, advise the patient of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)] .
Cytochrome P450 3A4 Interaction The concomitant use of fentanyl transdermal system with all cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors may result in an increase in fentanyl plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong adverse drug effects and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression.
In addition, discontinuation of a concomitantly used cytochrome P450 3A4 inducer may result in an increase in fentanyl plasma concentration.
Monitor patients receiving fentanyl transdermal system and any CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .
Risk of Increased Fentanyl Absorption with Application of External Heat Exposure of the fentanyl transdermal system application site and surrounding area to direct external heat sources, such as heating pads or electric blankets, heat or tanning lamps, sunbathing, hot baths, saunas, hot tubs, and heated water beds may increase fentanyl absorption and has resulted in fatal overdose of fentanyl.
Warn patients to avoid exposing the application site and surrounding area to direct external heat sources [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 )] .
Risks From Concomitant Use With Benzodiazepines Or Other CNS Depressants Concomitant use of opioids with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7), Drug Interactions (7)] .
Reserve concomitant prescribing of fentanyl transdermal system and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate.
Limit treatment to the minimum effective dosages and durations.
Follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
WARNING: ADDICTION, ABUSE, AND MISUSE; LIFE-THREATENING RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION; ACCIDENTAL EXPOSURE; NEONATAL OPIOID WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 INTERACTION; RISK OF INCREASED FENTANYL ABSORPTION WITH APPLICATION OF EXTERNAL HEAT; and RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE OF BENZODIAZEPINES OR OTHER CNS DEPRESSANTS See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.
Fentanyl transdermal system exposes users to risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death.
Assess patient’s risk before prescribing, and monitor regularly for these behaviors or conditions.
(5.1) Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur.
Monitor closely, especially upon initiation or following a dose increase.
(5.2) Accidental exposure to fentanyl transdermal system, especially in children, can result in fatal overdose of fentanyl.
(5.3) Prolonged use of fentanyl transdermal system during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated.
If opioid use is required for a prolonged period in a pregnant woman, advise the patient of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available.
(5.4) Concomitant use with CYP 3A4 inhibitors (or discontinuation of CYP 3A4 inducers) can result in a fatal overdose of fentanyl.
(5.5) Exposure of the fentanyl transdermal system application site and surrounding area to direct external heat sources has resulted in fatal overdose of fentanyl.
Warn patients to avoid exposing the fentanyl transdermal system application site and surrounding area to direct external heat sources.
(5.6) Concomitant use of opioids with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death.
Reserve concomitant prescribing for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate; limit dosages and durations to the minimum required; and follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
(5.7 , 7)
WARNING AND CAUTIONS
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Risk of Increased Fentanyl Absorption with Elevated Body Temperature: Monitor patients with fever closely for sedation and respiratory depression and reduce the dose if necessary.
Warn patients to avoid strenuous exertion that may lead to increased body temperature (5.8).
Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease or in Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients: Monitor closely, particularly during initiation and titration.
(5.9) Serotonin Syndrome with Concomitant Use of Serotonergic Drugs: Potentially life-threatening condition could result from concomitant serotonergic drug administration.
Discontinue fentanyl transdermal system immediately if serotonin syndrome is suspected.
(5.10) Adrenal Insufficiency: If diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement of corticosteroids, and wean patient off of the opioid.
(5.11) Severe Hypotension: Monitor during dose initiation and titration.
Avoid the use of fentanyl transdermal system in patients with circulatory shock.
(5.12) Risks of Use in Patients with Increased Intracranial Pressure, Brain Tumors, Head Injury or Impaired Consciousness: Monitor for sedation and respiratory depression.
Avoid use of fentanyl transdermal system in patients with impaired consciousness or coma.
(5.13) 5.1 Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse Fentanyl transdermal system contains fentanyl, an opioid agonist and a Schedule II controlled substance.
As an opioid, fentanyl transdermal system exposes users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse.
Because modified-release products such as fentanyl transdermal system deliver the opioid over an extended period of time, there is a greater risk for overdose and death due to the larger amount of fentanyl present [see Drug Abuse and Dependence (9)].
Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in patients appropriately prescribed fentanyl transdermal system.
Addiction can occur at recommended doses and if the drug is misused or abused.
Assess each patient’s risk for opioid addiction, abuse, or misuse prior to prescribing fentanyl transdermal system, and monitor all patients receiving fentanyl transdermal system for the development of these behaviors and conditions.
Risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol abuse or addiction) or mental illness (e.g., major depression).
The potential for these risks should not, however, prevent the proper management of pain in any given patient.
Patients at increased risk may be prescribed opioids such as fentanyl transdermal system, but use in such patients necessitates intensive counseling about the risks and proper use of fentanyl transdermal system along with intensive monitoring for signs of addiction, abuse, and misuse.
Abuse or misuse of fentanyl transdermal system by placing it in the mouth, chewing it, swallowing it, or using it in ways other than indicated may cause choking, overdose, and death [see Overdosage (10)].
Opioids are sought by drug abusers and people with addiction disorders and are subject to criminal diversion.
Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing fentanyl transdermal system.
Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the drug in the smallest appropriate quantity and advising the patient on the proper disposal of unused drug [see Patient Counseling Information (17)].
Contact local state professional licensing board or state controlled substances authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product.
5.2 Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of opioids, even when used as recommended.
Respiratory depression, if not immediately recognized and treated, may lead to respiratory arrest and death.
Management of respiratory depression may include close observation, supportive measures, and use of opioid antagonists, depending on the patient’s clinical status [see Overdosage (10)].
Carbon dioxide (CO2) retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids.
Fentanyl transdermal system is indicated only in opioid tolerant patients because of the risk for respiratory depression and death.
While serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression can occur at any time during the use of fentanyl transdermal system, the risk is greatest during the initiation of therapy or following a dosage increase.
Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression within the first 24-72 hours of initiating therapy with and following dosage increases of fentanyl transdermal system.
To reduce the risk of respiratory depression, proper dosing and titration of fentanyl transdermal system are essential [see Dosage and Administration (2)].
Overestimating the fentanyl transdermal system dosage when converting patients from another opioid product can result in fatal overdose with the first dose.
Accidental exposure to fentanyl transdermal system, especially in children, can result in respiratory depression and death due to an overdose of fentanyl.
5.3 Accidental Exposure A considerable amount of active fentanyl remains in fentanyl transdermal system even after use as directed.
Death and other serious medical problems have occurred when children and adults were accidentally exposed to fentanyl transdermal system.
Accidental or deliberate application or ingestion by a child or adolescent will cause respiratory depression, and has resulted in deaths.
Placing fentanyl transdermal system in the mouth, chewing it, swallowing it, or using it in ways other than indicated may cause choking or overdose that could result in death.
Improper disposal of fentanyl transdermal system in the trash has resulted in accidental exposures and deaths.
Advise patients about strict adherence to the recommended handling and disposal instructions in order to prevent accidental exposure to fentanyl transdermal system [see Dosage and Administration (2.6), (2.7)].
Exposure to fentanyl transdermal system patches discarded in the trash by children have been reported and have resulted in deaths.
5.4 Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Prolonged use of fentanyl transdermal system during pregnancy can result in withdrawal in the neonate.
Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, unlike opioid withdrawal syndrome in adults, may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts.
Observe newborns for signs of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly.
Advise pregnant women of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1), Patient Counseling Information (17)].
5.5 Risks of Concomitant Use or Discontinuation of Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitors and Inducers Concomitant use of fentanyl transdermal system with a CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g., ketoconazole), and protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir), may increase plasma concentrations of fentanyl and prolong opioid adverse reactions, which may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)], particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of fentanyl transdermal system is achieved.
Similarly, discontinuation of a CYP3A4 inducer, such as rifampin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin, in fentanyl transdermal system -treated patients may increase fentanyl plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions.
When using fentanyl transdermal system with CYP3A4 inhibitors or discontinuing CYP3A4 inducers in fentanyl transdermal system-treated patients, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider dosage reduction of fentanyl transdermal system until stable drug effects are achieved [see Dosage and Administration (2.3), Drug Interactions (7)].
Concomitant use of Fentanyl transdermal system with CYP3A4 inducers or discontinuation of a CYP3A4 inhibitor could decrease fentanyl transdermal system plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy or, possibly, lead to a withdrawal syndrome in a patient who had developed physical dependence to fentanyl.
When using fentanyl transdermal system with CYP3A4 inducers or discontinuing CYP3A4 inhibitors, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider increasing the opioid dosage if needed to maintain adequate analgesia or if symptoms of opioid withdrawal occur [see Drug Interactions (7)].
5.6 Risk of Increased Fentanyl Absorption with Application of External Heat Exposure to heat may increase fentanyl absorption and there have been reports of overdose and death as a result of exposure to heat.
A clinical pharmacology study conducted in healthy adult subjects has shown that the application of heat over the fentanyl transdermal system increased fentanyl exposure [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
Warn patients to avoid exposing the fentanyl transdermal system application site and surrounding area to direct external heat sources [see Dosage and Administration (2.6)].
5.7 Risks from Concomitant Use with Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result from the concomitant use of fentanyl transdermal system with benzodiazepines and/or other CNS depressants (e.g., non-benzodiazepine sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, other opioids, alcohol).
Because of these risks, reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate.
Observational studies have demonstrated that concomitant use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines increases the risk of drug-related mortality compared to use of opioid analgesics alone.
Because of similar pharmacological properties, it is reasonable to expect similar risk with the concomitant use of other CNS depressant drugs with opioid analgesics [see Drug Interactions (7)].
If the decision is made to prescribe a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant concomitantly with an opioid analgesic, prescribe the lowest effective dosages and minimum durations of concomitant use.
In patients already receiving an opioid analgesic, prescribe a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant than indicated in the absence of an opioid, and titrate based on clinical response.
If an opioid analgesic is initiated in a patient already taking a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant, prescribe a lower initial dose of the opioid analgesic, and titrate based on clinical response.
Follow patients closely for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation.
Advise both patients and caregivers about the risks of respiratory depression and sedation when fentanyl transdermal system is used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (including alcohol and illicit drugs).
Advise patients not to drive or operate heavy machinery until the effects of concomitant use of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant have been determined.
Screen patients for risk of substance use disorders, including opioid abuse and misuse, and warn them of the risk for overdose and death associated with the use of additional CNS depressants including alcohol and illicit drugs [see Drug Interactions (7), Patient Counseling Information (17)].
5.8 Risk of Increased Fentanyl Absorption with Elevated Body Temperature Based on a pharmacokinetic model, serum fentanyl concentrations could theoretically increase by approximately one-third for patients with a body temperature of 40°C (104°F) due to temperature-dependent increases in fentanyl released from the system and increased skin permeability.
Monitor patients wearing fentanyl transdermal systems who develop fever closely for sedation and respiratory depression and reduce the fentanyl transdermal system dose, if necessary.
Warn patients to avoid strenuous exertion that leads to increased core body temperature while wearing fentanyl transdermal system to avoid the risk of potential overdose and death.
5.9 Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression in Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease or in Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients The use of fentanyl transdermal system in patients with acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment is contraindicated.
Patients with Chronic Pulmonary Disease Fentanyl transdermal system-treated patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, and those with a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, hypercapnia, or pre-existing respiratory depression are at increased risk of decreased respiratory drive including apnea, even at recommended dosages of fentanyl transdermal system [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
Elderly, Cachectic, or Debilitated Patients Life-threatening respiratory depression is more likely to occur in elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients because they may have altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance compared to younger, healthier patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
Monitor such patients closely, particularly when initiating and titrating fentanyl transdermal system and when fentanyl transdermal system is given concomitantly with other drugs that depress respiration [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
Alternatively, consider the use of non-opioid analgesics in these patients.
5.10 Serotonin Syndrome with Concomitant Use of Serotonergic Drugs Cases of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition, have been reported during concomitant use of fentanyl transdermal system with serotonergic drugs.
Serotonergic drugs include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), triptans, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system (e.g., mirtazapine, trazodone, tramadol), and drugs that impair metabolism of serotonin (including MAO inhibitors, both those intended to treat psychiatric disorders and also others, such as linezolid and intravenous methylene blue) [see Drug Interactions (7)].
This may occur within the recommended dosage range.
Serotonin syndrome symptoms may include mental status changes (e.g., agitation, hallucinations, coma), autonomic instability (e.g., tachycardia, labile blood pressure, hyperthermia), neuromuscular aberrations (e.g., hyperreflexia, incoordination, rigidity), and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).
The onset of symptoms generally occurs within several hours to a few days of concomitant use, but may occur later than that.
Discontinue fentanyl transdermal system immediately if serotonin syndrome is suspected.
5.11 Adrenal Insufficiency Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use.
Presentation of adrenal insufficiency may include non-specific symptoms and signs including nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure.
If adrenal insufficiency is suspected, confirm the diagnosis with diagnostic testing as soon as possible.
If adrenal insufficiency is diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement doses of corticosteroids.
Wean the patient off of the opioid to allow adrenal function to recover and continue corticosteroid treatment until adrenal function recovers.
Other opioids may be tried as some cases reported use of a different opioid without recurrence of adrenal insufficiency.
The information available does not identify any particular opioids as being more likely to be associated with adrenal insufficiency.
5.12 Severe Hypotension Fentanyl transdermal system may cause severe hypotension including orthostatic hypotension and syncope in ambulatory patients.
There is an increased risk in patients whose ability to maintain blood pressure has already been compromised by a reduced blood volume or concurrent administration of certain CNS depressant drugs (e.g., phenothiazines or general anesthetics) [see Drug Interactions (7)].
Monitor these patients for signs of hypotension after initiating or titrating the dosage of fentanyl transdermal system.
In patients with circulatory shock, fentanyl transdermal system may cause vasodilation that can further reduce cardiac output and blood pressure.
Avoid the use of fentanyl transdermal system in patients with circulatory shock.
5.13 Risks of Use in Patients with Increased Intracranial Pressure, Brain Tumors, Head Injury, or Impaired Consciousness In patients who may be susceptible to the intracranial effects of CO2 retention (e.g., those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure or brain tumors), fentanyl transdermal system may reduce respiratory drive, and the resultant CO2 retention can further increase intracranial pressure.
Monitor such patients for signs of sedation and respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy with fentanyl transdermal system.
Opioids may also obscure the clinical course in a patient with a head injury.
Avoid the use of fentanyl transdermal system in patients with impaired consciousness or coma.
5.14 Cardiac Disease Fentanyl transdermal system may produce bradycardia.
Monitor patients with bradyarrhythmias closely for changes in heart rate, particularly when initiating therapy with fentanyl transdermal system.
5.15 Hepatic Impairment A clinical pharmacology study with fentanyl transdermal system in patients with cirrhosis has shown that systemic fentanyl exposure increased in these patients.
Because of the long half-life of fentanyl when administered as fentanyl transdermal system and hepatic metabolism of fentanyl, avoid use of fentanyl transdermal system in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
Insufficient information exists to make precise dosing recommendations regarding the use of fentanyl transdermal system in patients with impaired hepatic function.
Therefore, to avoid starting patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment on too high of a dose, start with one half of the usual dosage of fentanyl transdermal system.
Closely monitor for signs of sedation and respiratory depression, including at each dosage increase [see Dosage and Administration (2.4), Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
5.16 Renal Impairment A clinical pharmacology study with intravenous fentanyl in patients undergoing kidney transplantation has shown that patients with high blood urea nitrogen level had low fentanyl clearance.
Because of the long half-life of fentanyl when administered as fentanyl transdermal system, avoid the use of fentanyl transdermal system in patients with severe renal impairment.
Insufficient information exists to make precise dosing recommendations regarding the use of fentanyl transdermal system in patients with impaired renal function.
Therefore, to avoid starting patients with mild to moderate renal impairment on too high of a dose, start with one half of the usual dosage of fentanyl transdermal system.
Closely monitor for signs of sedation and respiratory depression, including at each dosage increase [see Dosage and Administration (2.5), Use in Specific Populations (8.7) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
5.17 Risks of Use in Patients with Gastrointestinal Conditions Fentanyl transdermal system is contraindicated in patients with known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus.
The fentanyl in fentanyl transdermal system may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi.
Opioids may cause increases in serum amylase.
Monitor patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis for worsening symptoms.
5.18 Increased Risk of Seizures in Patients with Seizure Disorders The fentanyl in fentanyl transdermal system may increase the frequency of seizures in patients with seizure disorders, and may increase the risk of seizures occurring in other clinical settings associated with seizures.
Monitor patients with a history of seizure disorders for worsened seizure control during fentanyl transdermal system therapy.
5.19 Withdrawal Avoid the use of mixed agonist/antagonist (e.g., pentazocine, nalbuphine, and butorphanol) or partial agonist (e.g., buprenorphine) analgesics in patients who are receiving a full opioid agonist analgesic, including fentanyl transdermal system.
In these patients, mixed agonist/antagonist and partial agonist analgesics may reduce the analgesic effect and/or may precipitate withdrawal symptoms [see Drug Interactions (7)].
5.20 Risks of Driving and Operating Machinery Fentanyl transdermal system may impair the mental or physical abilities required for the performance of potentially dangerous activities, such as driving a car or operating machinery.
Warn patients not to drive or operate dangerous machinery unless they are tolerant to the effects of the fentanyl transdermal system and know how they will react to the medication [see Patient Counseling Information (17)].
INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide and Instructions for Use).
Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse Inform patients that the use of fentanyl transdermal system, even when taken as recommended, can result in addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Instruct patients not to share fentanyl transdermal system with others and to take steps to protect fentanyl transdermal system from theft or misuse.
Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression Inform patients of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression, including information that the risk is greatest when starting fentanyl transdermal system or when the dosage is increased, and that it can occur even at recommended dosages [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
Advise patients how to recognize respiratory depression and to seek medical attention if breathing difficulties develop.
Accidental Exposure Inform patients that accidental exposure, especially in children, may result in respiratory depression or death [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
Instruct patients to take steps store fentanyl transdermal system securely and to dispose of unused fentanyl transdermal system by flushing down the toilet [see Dosage and Administration (2.7).
Fentanyl transdermal system can be accidentally transferred to children.
Instruct patients to take special precautions to avoid accidental contact when holding or caring for children.
Instruct patients that, if the patch dislodges and accidentally sticks to the skin of another person, to immediately take the patch off, wash the exposed area with water and seek medical attention for the accidentally exposed individual as accidental exposure may lead to death or other serious medical problems.
Disposal Instruct patients to refer to the Instructions for Use for proper disposal of fentanyl transdermal system.
To properly dispose of a used patch, instruct patients to remove it, fold so that the adhesive side of the patch adheres to itself, and immediately flush down the toilet.
Unused patches should be removed from their pouches, the release liners removed, the patches folded so that the adhesive side of the patch adheres to itself, and immediately flushed down the toilet.
Inform patients that deaths have occurred from accidental exposure to fentanyl transdermal systems discarded in the trash.
Instruct patients to dispose of any patches remaining from a prescription as soon as they are no longer needed.
Interactions with Benzodiazepines and Other CNS Depressants Inform patients and caregivers that potentially fatal additive effects may occur if fentanyl transdermal system is used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, and not to use these concomitantly unless supervised by a healthcare provider [see Warnings and Precautions (5.7), Drug Interactions (7)].
Serotonin Syndrome Inform patients that opioids could cause a rare but potentially life-threatening condition resulting from concomitant administration of serotonergic drugs.
Warn patients of the symptoms and signs of serotonin syndrome, and to seek medical attention right away if symptoms develop.
Instruct patients to inform their healthcare providers if they are taking, or plan to take serotonergic medications [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10) and Drug Interactions (7)].
MAOI Interaction Inform patients to avoid taking fentanyl transdermal system while using any drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase.
Patients should not start MAOIs while taking fentanyl transdermal system [see Drug Interactions (7)].
Adrenal Insufficiency Inform patients that opioids could cause adrenal insufficiency, a potentially life-threatening condition.
Adrenal insufficiency may present with non-specific symptoms and signs such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure.
Advise patients to seek medical attention if they experience a constellation of these symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)].
Important Administration Instructions Advise patients never to change the dose of fentanyl transdermal system or the number of patches applied to the skin unless instructed to do so by the prescribing healthcare professional.
When no longer needed, advise patients how to safely taper fentanyl transdermal system and not to stop it abruptly to avoid the risk of precipitating withdrawal symptoms.
Warnings About Heat Warn patients of the potential for temperature-dependent increases in fentanyl release from the patch that could result in an overdose of fentanyl.
Instruct patients to contact their healthcare provider if they develop a high fever.
Instruct patients to: avoid strenuous exertion that can increase body temperature while wearing the patch avoid exposing the fentanyl transdermal system application site and surrounding area to direct external heat sources including heating pads, electric blankets, sunbathing, heat or tanning lamps, saunas, hot tubs or hot baths, and heated water beds.
Hypotension Inform patients that fentanyl transdermal system may cause orthostatic hypotension and syncope.
Instruct patients how to recognize symptoms of low blood pressure and how to reduce the risk of serious consequences should hypotension occur (e.g., sit or lie down, carefully rise from a sitting or lying position) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.12)].
Anaphylaxis Inform patients that anaphylaxis, including anaphylactic shock, has been reported with ingredients contained in fentanyl transdermal system.
Advise patients how to recognize such a reaction and when to seek medical attention [see Contraindications (4), Adverse Reactions (6)].
Pregnancy Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Inform female patients of reproductive potential that prolonged use of fentanyl transdermal system during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4), Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Inform female patients of reproductive potential that fentanyl transdermal system can cause fetal harm and to inform their healthcare provider of known or suspected pregnancy [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1)].
Lactation Advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with fentanyl transdermal system [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2)].
Infertility Inform patients that chronic use of opioids may cause reduced fertility.
It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible [see Use in Specific Populations (8.3)].
Driving or Operating Heavy Machinery Inform patients that fentanyl transdermal system may impair the ability to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating heavy machinery.
Advise patients not to perform such tasks until they know how they will react to the medication [see Warnings and Precautions (5.20)].
Constipation Advise patients of the potential for severe constipation, including management instructions and when to seek medical attention [see Adverse Reactions (6), Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)].
MRI Skin burns have been reported at the patch site in several patients wearing an aluminized transdermal system during a magnetic resonance imaging scan (MRI).
Because this fentanyl transdermal system contains aluminum, it is recommended to remove the patch before undergoing any MRI procedures.
Manufactured by Manufactured for Aveva Drug Delivery Systems, Inc.
Apotex Corp.
Miramar, FL 33025 Weston, Florida 33326 Rev.
January 2017
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2 To be prescribed only by healthcare providers knowledgeable in use of potent opioids for management of chronic pain.
(2.1) Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals (2.1).
Individualize dosing based on the severity of pain, patient response, prior analgesic experience, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse.
(2.1) Initial dose selection: consult conversion instructions.
(2.2) Each transdermal system is intended to be worn for 72 hours.
(2.2) Adhere to instructions concerning administration and disposal of fentanyl transdermal system (2.6, 2.7) Mild to Moderate Hepatic and Renal Impairment: Initiate treatment with one half the usual starting dose, titrate slowly, and monitor for signs of respiratory and central nervous system depression.
(2.4, 2.5) Do not abruptly discontinue fentanyl transdermal system in a physically-dependent patient.
(2.8) 2.1 Important Dosage and Administration Instructions Fentanyl transdermal system should be prescribed only by healthcare professionals who are knowledgeable in the use of potent opioids for the management of chronic pain.
Due to the risk of respiratory depression, fentanyl transdermal system is only indicated for use in patients who are already opioid-tolerant.
Discontinue or taper all other extended-release opioids when beginning fentanyl transdermal system therapy.
As fentanyl transdermal system is only for use in opioid-tolerant patients, do not begin any patient on fentanyl transdermal system as the first opioid [see Indications and Usage (1)].
Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals [see Warnings and Precautions (5)].
Initiate the dosing regimen for each patient individually, taking into account the patient’s severity of pain, patient response, prior analgesic treatment experience, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within the first 24-72 hours of initiating therapy with fentanyl transdermal system when serum concentrations from the initial patch will peak [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
2.2 Initial Dosage Do not initiate treatment with fentanyl transdermal system in opioid nontolerant patients [see Contraindications (4)].
The recommended starting dose when converting from other opioids to fentanyl transdermal system is intended to minimize the potential for overdosing patients with the first dose.
Discontinue all other around-the-clock opioid drugs when fentanyl transdermal system therapy is initiated.
While there are useful tables of opioid equivalents readily available, there is substantial inter-patient variability in the relative potency of different opioid drugs and products.
As such, it is preferable to underestimate a patient’s 24-hour fentanyl requirements and provide rescue medication (e.g., immediate-release opioid) than to overestimate the 24-hour fentanyl requirements which could result in adverse reactions.
In a fentanyl transdermal system clinical trial, patients were converted from their prior opioid to fentanyl transdermal system using Table 1 as a guide for the initial fentanyl transdermal system dose.
Consider the following when using the information in Table 1: This is not a table of equianalgesic doses.
The conversion doses in this table are only for the conversion from one of the listed oral or parenteral opioid analgesics to fentanyl transdermal system.
The table cannot be used to convert from fentanyl to another opioid.
Doing so will result in an overestimation of the dose of the new opioid and may result in fatal overdose.
To convert patients from oral or parenteral opioids to fentanyl transdermal system, use Table 1.
Do not use Table 1 to convert from fentanyl transdermal system to other therapies because this conversion to fentanyl transdermal system is conservative and will overestimate the dose of the new agent.
Table 11: DOSE CONVERSION TO FENTANYL TRANSDERMAL SYSTEM Current Analgesic Daily Dosage (mg/day) Oral morphine 60-134 135-224 225-314 315-404 Intramuscular or Intravenous morphine 10-22 23-37 38-52 53-67 Oral oxycodone 30-67 67.5-112 112.5-157 157.5-202 Oral codeine 150-447 Oral hydromorphone 8-17 17.1-28 28.1-39 39.1-51 Intravenous hydromorphone 1.5-3.4 3.5-5.6 5.7-7.9 8-10 Intramuscular meperidine 75-165 166-278 279-390 391-503 Oral methadone 20-44 45-74 75-104 105-134 Recommended Fentanyl Transdermal System Dose 25 mcg/hour 50 mcg/hour 75 mcg/hour 100 mcg/hour Alternatively, for adult and pediatric patients taking opioids or doses not listed in Table 1, use the conversion methodology outlined above with Table 2.
1Table 1 should not be used to convert from fentanyl transdermal system to other therapies because this conversion to fentanyl transdermal system is conservative.
Use of Table 1 for conversion to other analgesic therapies can overestimate the dose of the new agent.
Overdosage of the new analgesic agent is possible [see Dosage and Administration (2.8)].
Alternatively, for adult and pediatric patients taking opioids or doses not listed in Table 1, use the following methodology: 1.
Calculate the previous 24-hour analgesic requirement.
2.
Convert this amount to the equianalgesic oral morphine dose using a reliable reference.
Refer to Table 2 for the range of 24-hour oral morphine doses that are recommended for conversion to each fentanyl transdermal system dose.
Use this table to find the calculated 24-hour morphine dose and the corresponding fentanyl transdermal system dose.
Initiate fentanyl transdermal system treatment using the recommended dose and titrate patients upwards (no more frequently than 3 days after the initial dose and every 6 days thereafter) until analgesic efficacy is attained.
3.
Do not use Table 2 to convert from fentanyl transdermal system to other therapies because this conversion to fentanyl transdermal system is conservative and will overestimate the dose of the new agent.
Table 21: RECOMMENDED INITIAL FENTANYL TRANSDERMAL SYSTEM DOSE BASED UPON DAILY ORAL MORPHINE DOSE Oral 24-hourMorphine (mg/day) Fentanyl Transdermal SystemDose (mcg/hour) 60-134 25 135-224 50 225-314 75 315-404 100 405-494 125 495-584 150 585-674 175 675-764 200 765-854 225 855-944 250 945-1034 275 1035-1124 300 NOTE: In clinical trials, these ranges of daily oral morphine doses were used as a basis for conversion to fentanyl transdermal system.
1 Table 2 should not be used to convert from fentanyl transdermal system to other therapies because this conversion to fentanyl transdermal system is conservative.
Use of Table 2 for conversion to other analgesic therapies can overestimate the dose of the new agent.
Overdosage of the new analgesic agent is possible [see Dosage and Administration (2.8)].
For delivery rates in excess of 100 mcg/hour, multiple systems may be used.
2.3 Titration and Maintenance of Therapy Individually titrate fentanyl transdermal system to a dose that provides adequate analgesia and minimizes adverse reactions.
Continually reevaluate patients receiving fentanyl transdermal system to assess the maintenance of pain control and the relative incidence of adverse reactions, as well as monitoring for the development of addiction, abuse, or misuse [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].
Frequent communication is important among the prescriber, other members of the healthcare team, the patient, and the caregiver/family during periods of changing analgesic requirements, including initial titration.
During chronic therapy, periodically reassess the continued need for opioid analgesics.
Patients who experience breakthrough pain may require a dosage adjustment of fentanyl transdermal system, or may need rescue medication with an appropriate dose of an immediate-release analgesic.
If the level of pain increases after dosage stabilization, attempt to identify the source of increased pain before increasing the fentanyl transdermal system dosage.
The dosing interval for fentanyl transdermal system is 72 hours.
Do not increase the fentanyl transdermal system dose for the first time until at least 3 days after the initial application.
Titrate the dose based on the daily dose of supplemental opioid analgesics required by the patient on the second or third day of the initial application.
It may take up to 6 days for fentanyl levels to reach equilibrium on a new dose [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)] .
Therefore, evaluate patients for further titration after no less than two 3-day applications before any further increase in dosage is made.
Base dosage increments on the daily dosage of supplementary opioids, using the ratio of 45 mg/24 hours of oral morphine to a 12 mcg/hour increase in fentanyl transdermal system dose.
If unacceptable opioid-related adverse reactions are observed, consider reducing the dosage.
Adjust the dose to obtain an appropriate balance between management of pain and opioid-related adverse reactions.
A small proportion of adult patients may not achieve adequate analgesia using a 72-hour dosing interval and may require systems to be applied at 48 hours rather than at 72 hours, only if adequate pain control cannot be achieved using a 72-hour regimen.
An increase in the fentanyl transdermal system dose should be evaluated before changing dosing intervals in order to maintain patients on a 72-hour regimen.
Dosing intervals less than every 72 hours were not studied in children and adolescents and are not recommended.
2.4 Dosage Modifications in Patients with Hepatic Impairment Avoid the use of fentanyl transdermal system in patients with severe hepatic impairment.
In patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment, start with one half of the usual dosage of fentanyl transdermal system.
Closely monitor for signs of respiratory and central nervous system depression, including at each dosage increase [see Warnings and Precautions (5.15), Use in Specific Populations (8.6) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
2.5 Dosage Modifications in Patients with Renal Impairment Avoid the use of fentanyl transdermal system in patients with severe renal impairment.
In patients with mild to moderate renal impairment, start with one half of the usual dosage of fentanyl transdermal system.
Closely monitor for signs of respiratory and central nervous system depression, including at each dosage increase [see Warnings and Precautions (5.16), Use in Specific Populations (8.7) and Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
2.6 Administration of Fentanyl Transdermal System FENTANYL TRANSDERMAL SYSTEM PATCHES ARE FOR TRANSDERMAL USE ONLY.
Proper handling of fentanyl transdermal system is necessary in order to prevent serious adverse outcomes, including death, associated with accidental secondary exposure to fentanyl transdermal system [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
Application and Handling Instructions Patients should apply fentanyl transdermal system to intact, non-irritated, and non-irradiated skin on a flat surface such as the chest, back, flank, or upper arm.
In young children and persons with cognitive impairment, adhesion should be monitored and the upper back is the preferred location to minimize the potential of inappropriate patch removal.
Hair at the application site may be clipped (not shaved) prior to system application.
If the site of fentanyl transdermal system application must be cleansed prior to application of the patch, do so with clear water.
Do not use soaps, oils, lotions, alcohol, or any other agents that might irritate the skin or alter its characteristics.
Allow the skin to dry completely prior to patch application.
Patients should apply fentanyl transdermal system immediately upon removal from the sealed package.
The patch must not be altered (e.g., cut) in any way prior to application.
Fentanyl transdermal system should not be used if the blister seal is broken or if the patch is cut or damaged.
The transdermal system is pressed firmly in place with the palm of the hand for 30 seconds, making sure the contact is complete, especially around the edges.
Each fentanyl transdermal system patch may be worn continuously for 72 hours.
The next patch is applied to a different skin site after removal of the previous transdermal system.
If problems with adhesion of the fentanyl transdermal system patch occur, the edges of the patch may be taped with first aid tape.
If problems with adhesion persist, the patch may be overlayed with a transparent adhesive film dressing.
If the patch falls off before 72 hours, dispose of it by folding in half and flushing down the toilet.
A new patch may be applied to a different skin site.
Patients (or caregivers who apply fentanyl transdermal system) should wash their hands immediately with soap and water after applying fentanyl transdermal system.
Contact with unwashed or unclothed application sites can result in secondary exposure to fentanyl transdermal system and should be avoided.
Examples of accidental exposure include transfer of a fentanyl transdermal system patch from an adult’s body to a child while hugging, sharing the same bed as the patient, accidental sitting on a patch and possible accidental exposure of a caregiver’s skin to the medication in the patch while applying or removing the patch.
Instruct patients, family members, and caregivers to keep patches in a secure location out of the reach of children and of others for whom fentanyl transdermal system was not prescribed.
Avoidance of Heat Instruct patients to avoid exposing the fentanyl transdermal system application site and surrounding area to direct external heat sources, such as heating pads or electric blankets, heat or tanning lamps, sunbathing, hot baths, saunas, hot tubs, and heated water beds, while wearing the system [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].
2.7 Disposal Instructions Failure to properly dispose of fentanyl transdermal system has resulted in accidental exposures and deaths, including deaths of children [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)].
Instruct patients to dispose of used patches immediately upon removal by folding the adhesive side of the patch to itself, then flushing down the toilet.
Instruct patients to remove unused patches from their pouches, remove the protective liners, fold the patches so that the adhesive side of the patch adheres to itself, and to immediately flush the patches down the toilet.
Instruct patients to dispose of any patches remaining from a prescription as soon as they are no longer needed.
2.8 Discontinuation of Fentanyl Transdermal System Significant amounts of fentanyl continue to be absorbed from the skin for 24 hours or more after the patch is removed [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].
To convert patients to another opioid, remove fentanyl transdermal system and titrate the dose of the new analgesic based upon the patient’s report of pain until adequate analgesia has been attained.
Upon system removal, 17 hours or more are required for a 50% decrease in serum fentanyl concentrations.
Withdrawal symptoms are possible in some patients after conversion or dose adjustment [see Warnings and Precautions (5.19)].
Do not use Tables 1 and 2 to convert from fentanyl transdermal system to other therapies to avoid overestimating the dose of the new agent resulting in overdose of the new analgesic and possibly death.
When discontinuing fentanyl transdermal system and not converting to another opioid, use a gradual downward titration, such as a 50% dosage reduction every 6 days, while monitoring carefully for signs and symptoms of withdrawal.
If the patient develops these signs or symptoms, raise the dose to the previous level and taper more slowly, either by increasing the interval between decreases, decreasing the amount of change in dose, or both.
Do not abruptly discontinue fentanyl transdermal system [see Warnings and Precautions (5.19), Drug Abuse and Dependence (9.3)].
It is not known at what dose level fentanyl transdermal system may be discontinued without producing the signs and symptoms of opioid withdrawal.