dopamine HCl 3200 MCG/ML per 250 ML Injection
Generic Name: DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DEXTROSE
Brand Name: Dopamine Hydrochloride in Dextrose
- Substance Name(s):
- DOPAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
DRUG INTERACTIONS
7 See Table 1 for clinically significant drug interactions with dopamine.
Table 1: Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with Dopamine Halogenated Anesthetics Clinical Impact: Concomitant use may increase cardiac autonomic irritability and can sensitize the myocardium to the action of dopamine which may lead to ventricular arrhythmias and hypertension.
Intervention: Monitor cardiac rhythm.
Examples: desflurane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane.
MAO Inhibitors Clinical Impact: Because dopamine is metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO), inhibition of this enzyme prolongs and potentiates the effect of dopamine which may result in severe hypertension and cardiac arrhythmia.
Intervention: Reduce the recommended starting dosage to no greater than one-tenth (1/10) of the recommended dose in patients who have been treated with MAO inhibitors within two to three weeks prior to the administration of Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection.
Examples: isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine, rasagiline, selegiline, linezolid.
Tricyclic Antidepressants Clinical Impact: Concomitant use may potentiate the cardiovascular effects of dopamine (e.g., hypertension).
Intervention: Monitor blood pressure.
Examples: amitriptyline, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, nortriptyline.
Vasopressors Clinical Impact: Concomitant use may result in severe hypertension.
Intervention: Monitor blood pressure.
Examples: norepinephrine, epinephrine, oxytocin.
Halogenated anesthetics : Can sensitize the myocardium to the effects of dopamine and can produce ventricular arrhythmias and hypertension.
( 7 ) MAO inhibitors : Risk of severe hypertension.
Reduce recommended Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection dosage.
( 7 ) Tricyclic antidepressants : Risk of hypertension.
Monitor blood pressure.
( 7 ) Vasopressors : Risk of severe hypertension.
Monitor blood pressure.
( 7 )
OVERDOSAGE
10 Manifestations of overdosage include excessive blood pressure elevation.
In the case of accidental overdosage, reduce rate of Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection infusion, or temporarily discontinue the Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection infusion until the overdosage related adverse reactions resolves.
Since dopamine’s duration of action is short, no additional remedial measures are usually necessary.
If these measures fail to resolve the overdosage related adverse reactions, consider using an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent (e.g., phentolamine).
DESCRIPTION
11 Dopamine Hydrochloride in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic, premixed solution of dopamine hydrochloride in 5% dextrose injection for intravenous infusion.
Each 100 mL contains 80 mg (800 mcg/mL), 160 mg (1600 mcg/mL) or 320 mg (3200 mcg/mL) of dopamine HCl; 5 grams of hydrous dextrose, in Water for Injection, and 50 mg of sodium metabisulfite (a stabilizer); pH = 3.8 (2.5 to 4.5), and the following osmolar concentrations: 261, 269, or 286 mOsmol/liter, respectively.
May contain hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide for pH adjustment.
Dopamine HCl is chemically designated 3, 4-dihydroxyphenethylamine hydrochloride (C 8 H 11 NO 2 ∙ HCl), a white crystalline powder freely soluble in water.
Dopamine HCl has a molecular weight of 189.64 and it has the following structural formula: Dopamine (also referred to as 3-hydroxytyramine) is a naturally occurring endogenous catecholamine.
Dextrose, USP is chemically designated D-glucose monohydrate (C 6 H 12 O 6 ∙ H 2 O), a hexose sugar freely soluble in water.
The molecular weight of dextrose (D-glucose) monohydrate is 198.17 and it has the following structural formula: Water for Injection, USP is chemically designated H 2 O.
Chemical Structure Chemical Structure
HOW SUPPLIED
16 /STORAGE AND HANDLING Dopamine Hydrochloride in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, is supplied in 250 and 500 mL LifeCare flexible single-dose plastic containers (the solutions are clear to slightly yellow in appearance) as follows.
Each 100 mL contains 5 grams of hydrous dextrose in Water for Injection.
Unit of Sale Total Strength/Total Volume (Concentration) NDC 0409-7809-22 12 in a case 400 mg/250 mL (1600 mcg/mL) NDC 0409-7809-24 12 in a case 800 mg/500 mL (1600 mcg/mL) NDC 0409-7810-22 12 in a case 800 mg/250 mL (3200 mcg/mL) Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F).
[See USP Controlled Room Temperature.] Protect from freezing.
Discard unused portion.
GERIATRIC USE
8.5 Geriatric Use Clinical studies of dopamine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects.
Other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients.
In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should start at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
3 The following strengths of Dopamine Hydrochloride in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, are supplied in LifeCare flexible single-dose plastic containers (the solutions are clear to slightly yellow in appearance): 800 mcg/mL (250 or 500 mL) 1600 mcg/mL (250 or 500 mL) 3200 mcg/mL (250 mL) Each 100 mL contains 5 grams of hydrous dextrose in Water for Injection.
Following strengths of Dopamine Hydrochloride in 5% Dextrose Injection, USP, are supplied in LifeCare flexible single-dose plastic containers (each 100 mL contains 5 grams of hydrous dextrose in Water for Injection): ( 3 ) 800 mcg/mL (250 and 500 mL) 1600 mcg/mL (250 and 500 mL) 3200 mcg/mL (250 mL)
MECHANISM OF ACTION
12.1 Mechanism of Action Dopamine is a natural catecholamine formed by the decarboxylation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA).
It is a precursor to norepinephrine in noradrenergic nerves and is also a neurotransmitter in certain areas of the central nervous system, especially in the nigrostriatal tract, and in a few peripheral sympathetic nerves.
Dopamine elicits its pharmacological action by activating dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, beta-1 receptors and alpha-1 receptors.
The activation of different receptors leading to its effects are dependent on dopamine dose.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
1 Dopamine Hydrochloride in Dextrose Injection is indicated to improve hemodynamic status in patients in distributive shock, or shock due to reduced cardiac output.
Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection is a catecholamine indicated to improve hemodynamic status in patients in shock.
( 1 )
PEDIATRIC USE
8.4 Pediatric Use Dopamine HCl infusions have been used in pediatric patients from birth through adolescence.
Most reports in pediatric patients describe dosing that is similar (on a mcg/kg/minute basis) to that used in adults [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ] .
Except for vasoconstrictive effects caused by inadvertent infusion of dopamine into the umbilical artery, adverse reactions unique to pediatric patients have not been identified, nor have adverse reactions identified in adults been found to be more common in pediatric patients.
PREGNANCY
8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary There are no human data with dopamine use in pregnant women.
There are risks to the mother and fetus from hypotension associated with shock, which can be fatal if left untreated ( see Clinical Considerations ).
In animal reproduction studies, adverse developmental outcomes were observed with intravenous dopamine HCl administration in pregnant rats during organogenesis at dosages, on a mcg/m 2 basis, of one-third the human starting dosage of 2 mcg/kg/minute (90 mcg/m 2 /minute).
The background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown.
All pregnancies carry some risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes.
In the U.S.
general population, the background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2–4% and 15–20%, respectively.
Clinical Considerations Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Hypotension associated with distributive shock, or shock due to reduced cardiac output are medical emergencies in pregnancy which can be fatal if left untreated.
Delaying treatment in pregnant women with hypotension associated with distributive shock, or shock due to reduced cardiac output may increase the risk of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality.
Life-sustaining therapy for the pregnant woman should not be withheld due to potential concerns regarding the effects of dopamine on the fetus.
Labor or Delivery Vasopressor drugs, including dopamine, may cause severe maternal hypertension when used concomitantly with some oxytocic drugs [see Drug Interactions (7) ] .
Data Animal Data Animal reproduction studies in rats and rabbits at dopamine HCl dosages up to 6 mg/kg/day intravenously (on a mcg/m 2 basis, one-third and two-thirds, respectively, the human starting dosage of 2 mcg/kg/minute) during organogenesis produced no detectable teratogenic or embryotoxic effects, although maternal toxicity consisting of mortalities, decreased body weight gain, and pharmacotoxic signs were observed in rats.
In a published study, administration of 10 mg/kg/day dopamine HCl (on a mcg/m 2 basis, two-thirds the human starting dosage of 2 mcg/kg/minute) to pregnant rats throughout gestation or for 5 days starting on gestation day 10 or 15 resulted in decreased body weight gain, increased mortality, and slight increase in cataract formation among the offspring.
WARNING AND CAUTIONS
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS Tissue ischemia : Severe peripheral and visceral vasoconstriction can occur.
Address hypovolemia prior to use, monitor extremities, and infuse into large vein.
( 5.1 ) Cardiac arrhythmias : Monitor closely.
( 5.2 ) Hypotension after abrupt discontinuation : Gradually reduce infusion rate while expanding blood volume with intravenous fluids.
( 5.3 ) Severe hypersensitivity reactions due to sodium metabisulfite excipient : May cause anaphylaxis including life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in susceptible individuals.
( 5.4 ) 5.1 Tissue Ischemia Administration of dopamine to patients who are hypotensive from hypovolemia can result in severe peripheral and visceral vasoconstriction, decreased renal perfusion and hypouresis, tissue hypoxia, lactic acidosis, and poor systemic blood flow despite “normal” blood pressure.
Address hypovolemia prior to initiating Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection [see Dosage and Administration (2.2) ] .
Gangrene of the extremities has occurred in patients with occlusive vascular disease or who received prolonged or high dose infusions.
Monitor for changes to the skin of the extremities in susceptible patients.
Extravasation of Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection may cause necrosis and sloughing of surrounding tissue.
To reduce the risk of extravasation, infuse into a large vein [see Dosage and Administration (2.1) ] , check the infusion site frequently for free flow, and monitor for signs of extravasation.
Emergency Treatment of Extravasation To prevent sloughing and necrosis in areas in which extravasation has occurred, infiltrate the ischemic area as soon as possible, using a syringe with a fine hypodermic needle with: 5 to 10 mg of phentolamine mesylate in 10 to 15 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection in adults 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg of phentolamine mesylate up to a maximum of 10 mg per dose in pediatric patients.
Sympathetic blockade with phentolamine causes immediate and conspicuous local hyperemic changes if the area is infiltrated within 12 hours.
5.2 Cardiac Arrhythmias Dopamine may cause arrhythmias.
Monitor patients with arrhythmias and treat appropriately.
5.3 Hypotension after Abrupt Discontinuation Sudden cessation of the infusion rate may result in marked hypotension.
Gradually reduce the infusion rate while expanding blood volume with intravenous fluids.
5.4 Severe Hypersensitivity Reactions due to Sodium Metabisulfite Excipient Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection, contains sodium metabisulfite, a sulfite that may cause allergic-type reactions including anaphylactic symptoms and life-threatening or less severe asthmatic episodes in certain susceptible people.
The overall prevalence of sulfite sensitivity in the general population is unknown and probably low.
Sulfite sensitivity is seen more frequently in asthmatic than in non-asthmatic people.
INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION Risk of Tissue Damage Advise the patient, family, or caregiver to report signs of extravasation urgently [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ].
Cardiac Arrhythmias Advise the patient, family, or caregiver that Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection can induce or worsen arrhythmias [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ] .
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2 Correct hypovolemia, acidosis, and hypoxia prior to use.
( 2.1 ) Administer in a large vein with an infusion pump preferably in an intensive care setting.
( 2.1 ) Recommended starting dosage in adults and pediatric patients is 2 to 5 mcg/kg/minute as a continuous intravenous infusion.
Titrate in 5 to 10 mcg/kg/minute increments based on hemodynamic response and tolerability, up to not more than 50 mcg/kg/minute.
( 2.2 ) See the Full Prescribing Information for important preparation instructions and drug incompatibilities.
( 2.3 ) 2.1 Administration Instructions Correct Hypovolemia, Acidosis, and Hypoxia Address hypovolemia, acidosis, and hypoxia before initiating Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection.
If patient does not respond to therapy, suspect occult hypovolemia.
Acidosis may reduce the effectiveness of dopamine [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] .
Administration Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection is a premixed infusion solution that does not require dilution prior to intravenous administration.
Administer Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection into a large vein [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ] with the use of an infusion pump preferably in an intensive care setting.
Remove outer wrap (moisture and oxygen barrier) only when ready to administer the product.
Discard product if outer wrap is damaged (e.g., tears or holes).
Inspect Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration (the solution is clear to slightly yellow).
Do not administer if the solution is darker than slightly yellow or the container is damaged.
Use higher concentration premixed solutions (e.g., 3200 mcg/mL or 1600 mcg/mL strengths) in patients requiring fluid restriction.
Discontinuation When discontinuing Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection, gradually reduce the infusion rate while expanding blood volume with intravenous fluids [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ].
2.2 Recommended Dosage The recommended starting dosage in adults and pediatric patients is 2 to 5 mcg/kg/minute as a continuous intravenous infusion [see Dosage and Administration (2.3) ] .
Titrate the infusion rate in 5 to 10 mcg/kg/minute increments based on hemodynamic response and tolerability, up to but not more than 50 mcg/kg/minute.
Infusion rates may be calculated using the following formula: Infusion Rate (mL/hour) = [Dose (mcg/kg/minute) × Weight (kg) × 60 (minutes/hour)] Concentration (mcg/mL) Example calculations for infusion rates are as follows: Example 1: for a 60 kg person at the recommended initial dose of 2 mcg/kg/minute using an 800 mcg/mL concentration, the infusion rate would be as follows: Infusion Rate (mL/hour) = [2 (mcg/kg/minute) × 60 (kg) × 60 (minutes/hour) ] = 9 (mL/hour) 800 (mcg/mL) Example 2: for a 70 kg person at a dose of 5 mcg/kg/minute using a 3,200 mcg/mL concentration, the infusion rate would be as follows: Infusion Rate (mL/hour) = [5 (mcg/kg/minute) × 70 (kg) × 60 (minutes/hour) ] = 6.56 (mL/hour) 3200 (mcg/mL) 2.3 Drug Incompatibilities Dopamine HCl in Dextrose Injection is incompatible with the following products; therefore, avoid simultaneous administration (through the same infusion set): Sodium bicarbonate or other alkalinizing substances, because dopamine is inactivated in alkaline solution.
Blood, because of the risk of pseudoagglutination of red cells Iron salts Do not add additional medications in the premixed infusion solution.