DRUG INTERACTIONS
7 The risks of using olanzapine in combination with other drugs have not been extensively evaluated in systematic studies.
Diazepam: May potentiate orthostatic hypotension.
( 7.1 , 7.2 ) Alcohol: May potentiate orthostatic hypotension.
( 7.1 ) Carbamazepine: Increased clearance of olanzapine.
( 7.1 ) Fluvoxamine: May increase olanzapine levels.
( 7.1 ) Olanzapine and Fluoxetine in Combination: Also refer to the Drug Interactions section of the package insert for Symbyax*.
( 7.1 ) CNS Acting Drugs: Caution should be used when taken in combination with other centrally acting drugs and alcohol.
( 7.2 ) Antihypertensive Agents: Enhanced antihypertensive effect.
( 7.2 ) Levodopa and Dopamine Agonists: May antagonize levodopa/dopamine agonists.
( 7.2 ) Other Concomitant Drug Therapy: When using olanzapine in combination with lithium or valproate, refer to the Drug Interactions sections of the package insert for those products.
( 7.2 ) 7.1 Potential for Other Drugs to Affect Olanzapine Diazepam — The coadministration of diazepam with olanzapine potentiated the orthostatic hypotension observed with olanzapine [see Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )] .
Cimetidine and Antacids — Single doses of cimetidine (800 mg) or aluminum- and magnesium-containing antacids did not affect the oral bioavailability of olanzapine.
Inducers of CYP1A2 — Carbamazepine therapy (200 mg bid) causes an approximately 50% increase in the clearance of olanzapine.
This increase is likely due to the fact that carbamazepine is a potent inducer of CYP1A2 activity.
Higher daily doses of carbamazepine may cause an even greater increase in olanzapine clearance.
Alcohol — Ethanol (45 mg/70 kg single dose) did not have an effect on olanzapine pharmacokinetics.
The coadministration of alcohol (i.e., ethanol) with olanzapine potentiated the orthostatic hypotension observed with olanzapine [see Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )] .
Inhibitors of CYP1A2 Fluvoxamine: Fluvoxamine, a CYP1A2 inhibitor, decreases the clearance of olanzapine.
This results in a mean increase in olanzapine C max following fluvoxamine of 54% in female nonsmokers and 77% in male smokers.
The mean increase in olanzapine AUC is 52% and 108%, respectively.
Lower doses of olanzapine should be considered in patients receiving concomitant treatment with fluvoxamine.
Inhibitors of CYP2D6 Fluoxetine: Fluoxetine (60 mg single dose or 60 mg daily dose for 8 days) causes a small (mean 16%) increase in the maximum concentration of olanzapine and a small (mean 16%) decrease in olanzapine clearance.
The magnitude of the impact of this factor is small in comparison to the overall variability between individuals, and therefore dose modification is not routinely recommended.
When using olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination, also refer to the Drug Interactions section of the package insert for Symbyax*.
Warfarin — Warfarin (20 mg single dose) did not affect olanzapine pharmacokinetics [see Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )] .
Inducers of CYP1A2 or Glucuronyl Transferase — Omeprazole and rifampin may cause an increase in olanzapine clearance.
Charcoal — The administration of activated charcoal (1 g) reduced the C max and AUC of oral olanzapine by about 60%.
As peak olanzapine levels are not typically obtained until about 6 hours after dosing, charcoal may be a useful treatment for olanzapine overdose.
7.2 Potential for Olanzapine to Affect Other Drugs CNS Acting Drugs — Given the primary CNS effects of olanzapine, caution should be used when olanzapine is taken in combination with other centrally acting drugs and alcohol.
Antihypertensive Agents — Olanzapine, because of its potential for inducing hypotension, may enhance the effects of certain antihypertensive agents.
Levodopa and Dopamine Agonists — Olanzapine may antagonize the effects of levodopa and dopamine agonists.
Lithium — Multiple doses of olanzapine (10 mg for 8 days) did not influence the kinetics of lithium.
Therefore, concomitant olanzapine administration does not require dosage adjustment of lithium [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.15 )] .
Valproate — Olanzapine (10 mg daily for 2 weeks) did not affect the steady state plasma concentrations of valproate.
Therefore, concomitant olanzapine administration does not require dosage adjustment of valproate [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.15 )] .
Effect of Olanzapine on Drug Metabolizing Enzymes — In vitro studies utilizing human liver microsomes suggest that olanzapine has little potential to inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A.
Thus, olanzapine is unlikely to cause clinically important drug interactions mediated by these enzymes.
Imipramine — Single doses of olanzapine did not affect the pharmacokinetics of imipramine or its active metabolite desipramine.
Warfarin — Single doses of olanzapine did not affect the pharmacokinetics of warfarin [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )] .
Diazepam — Olanzapine did not influence the pharmacokinetics of diazepam or its active metabolite N-desmethyldiazepam.
However, diazepam coadministered with olanzapine increased the orthostatic hypotension observed with either drug given alone [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )] .
Alcohol — Multiple doses of olanzapine did not influence the kinetics of ethanol [see Drug Interactions ( 7.1 )] .
Biperiden — Multiple doses of olanzapine did not influence the kinetics of biperiden.
Theophylline — Multiple doses of olanzapine did not affect the pharmacokinetics of theophylline or its metabolites.
OVERDOSAGE
10 10.1 Human Experience In premarketing trials involving more than 3,100 patients and/or normal subjects, accidental or intentional acute overdosage of olanzapine was identified in 67 patients.
In the patient taking the largest identified amount, 300 mg, the only symptoms reported were drowsiness and slurred speech.
In the limited number of patients who were evaluated in hospitals, including the patient taking 300 mg, there were no observations indicating an adverse change in laboratory analytes or ECG.
Vital signs were usually within normal limits following overdoses.
In postmarketing reports of overdose with olanzapine alone, symptoms have been reported in the majority of cases.
In symptomatic patients, symptoms with ≥10% incidence included agitation/aggressiveness, dysarthria, tachycardia, various extrapyramidal symptoms, and reduced level of consciousness ranging from sedation to coma.
Among less commonly reported symptoms were the following potentially medically serious reactions: aspiration, cardiopulmonary arrest, cardiac arrhythmias (such as supraventricular tachycardia and 1 patient experiencing sinus pause with spontaneous resumption of normal rhythm), delirium, possible neuroleptic malignant syndrome, respiratory depression/arrest, convulsion, hypertension, and hypotension.
Eli Lilly and Company has received reports of fatality in association with overdose of olanzapine alone.
In 1 case of death, the amount of acutely ingested olanzapine was reported to be possibly as low as 450 mg of oral olanzapine; however, in another case, a patient was reported to survive an acute olanzapine ingestion of approximately 2 g of oral olanzapine.
10.2 Management of Overdose For current information on the management of olanzapine overdose, contact a certified poison control center (1-800-222-1222 or www.poison.org).
The possibility of multiple drug involvement should be considered.
In case of acute overdosage, establish and maintain an airway and ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation, which may include intubation.
Gastric lavage (after intubation, if patient is unconscious) and administration of activated charcoal together with a laxative should be considered.
The administration of activated charcoal (1 g) reduced the C max and AUC of oral olanzapine by about 60%.
As peak olanzapine levels are not typically obtained until about 6 hours after dosing, charcoal may be a useful treatment for olanzapine overdose.
The possibility of obtundation, seizures, or dystonic reaction of the head and neck following overdose may create a risk of aspiration with induced emesis.
Cardiovascular monitoring should commence immediately and should include continuous electrocardiographic monitoring to detect possible arrhythmias.
There is no specific antidote to olanzapine.
Therefore, appropriate supportive measures should be initiated.
Hypotension and circulatory collapse should be treated with appropriate measures such as intravenous fluids and/or sympathomimetic agents.
(Do not use epinephrine, dopamine, or other sympathomimetics with beta-agonist activity, since beta stimulation may worsen hypotension in the setting of olanzapine-induced alpha blockade.) Close medical supervision and monitoring should continue until the patient recovers.
For specific information about overdosage with lithium or valproate, refer to the Overdosage section of the package inserts for these products.
For specific information about overdosage with olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination, refer to the Overdosage section of the Symbyax* package insert.
DESCRIPTION
11 Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic that belongs to the thienobenzodiazepine class.
The chemical designation is 2-methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-10 H -thieno[2,3- b ] [1,5]benzodiazepine.
The molecular formula is C 17 H 20 N 4 S, which corresponds to a molecular weight of 312.44.
The chemical structure is: Olanzapine is a light yellow to yellow crystalline solid, which is practically insoluble in water.
Olanzapine tablets are intended for oral administration only.
Each tablet contains olanzapine, USP equivalent to 2.5 mg (8 µmol), 5 mg (16 µmol), 7.5 mg (24 µmol), 10 mg (32 µmol), 15 mg (48 µmol), or 20 mg (64 µmol).
Inactive ingredients are anhydrous lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, crospovidone, low substituted hydroxy propyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, and colloidal silicon dioxide.
Olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets are intended for oral administration only.
Each orally disintegrating tablet contains olanzapine, USP equivalent to 5 mg (16 µmol), 10 mg (32 µmol), 15 mg (48 µmol) or 20 mg (64 µmol).
It begins disintegrating in the mouth within seconds, allowing its contents to be subsequently swallowed with or without liquid.
Olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets also contain the following inactive ingredients: mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, aspartame, low substituted hydroxy propyl cellulose, crospovidone, colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate.
spl-olanzapine-chemical-structure
CLINICAL STUDIES
14 When using olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination, also refer to the Clinical Studies section of the package insert for Symbyax*.
14.1 Schizophrenia Adults The efficacy of oral olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia was established in 2 short-term (6-week) controlled trials of adult inpatients who met DSM III-R criteria for schizophrenia.
A single haloperidol arm was included as a comparative treatment in 1 of the 2 trials, but this trial did not compare these 2 drugs on the full range of clinically relevant doses for both.
Several instruments were used for assessing psychiatric signs and symptoms in these studies, among them the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), a multi-item inventory of general psychopathology traditionally used to evaluate the effects of drug treatment in schizophrenia.
The BPRS psychosis cluster (conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, suspiciousness, and unusual thought content) is considered a particularly useful subset for assessing actively psychotic schizophrenic patients.
A second traditional assessment, the Clinical Global Impression (CGI), reflects the impression of a skilled observer, fully familiar with the manifestations of schizophrenia, about the overall clinical state of the patient.
In addition, 2 more recently developed scales were employed; these included the 30-item Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS), in which are embedded the 18 items of the BPRS, and the Scale for Assessing Negative Symptoms (SANS).
The trial summaries below focus on the following outcomes: PANSS total and/or BPRS total; BPRS psychosis cluster; PANSS negative subscale or SANS; and CGI Severity.
The results of the trials follow: (1) In a 6-week, placebo-controlled trial (n=149) involving 2 fixed olanzapine doses of 1 and 10 mg/day (once daily schedule), olanzapine, at 10 mg/day (but not at 1 mg/day), was superior to placebo on the PANSS total score (also on the extracted BPRS total), on the BPRS psychosis cluster, on the PANSS Negative subscale, and on CGI Severity.
(2) In a 6-week, placebo-controlled trial (n=253) involving 3 fixed dose ranges of olanzapine (5 ± 2.5 mg/day, 10 ± 2.5 mg/day, and 15 ± 2.5 mg/day) on a once daily schedule, the 2 highest olanzapine dose groups (actual mean doses of 12 and 16 mg/day, respectively) were superior to placebo on BPRS total score, BPRS psychosis cluster, and CGI severity score; the highest olanzapine dose group was superior to placebo on the SANS.
There was no clear advantage for the high-dose group over the medium-dose group.
(3) In a longer-term trial, adult outpatients (n=326) who predominantly met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and who remained stable on olanzapine during open-label treatment for at least 8 weeks were randomized to continuation on their current olanzapine doses (ranging from 10 to 20 mg/day) or to placebo.
The follow-up period to observe patients for relapse, defined in terms of increases in BPRS positive symptoms or hospitalization, was planned for 12 months, however, criteria were met for stopping the trial early due to an excess of placebo relapses compared to olanzapine relapses, and olanzapine was superior to placebo on time to relapse, the primary outcome for this study.
Thus, olanzapine was more effective than placebo at maintaining efficacy in patients stabilized for approximately 8 weeks and followed for an observation period of up to 8 months.
Examination of population subsets (race and gender) did not reveal any differential responsiveness on the basis of these subgroupings.
Adolescents The efficacy of oral olanzapine in the acute treatment of schizophrenia in adolescents (ages 13 to 17 years) was established in a 6-week double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of inpatients and outpatients with schizophrenia (n=107) who met diagnostic criteria according to DSM-IV-TR and confirmed by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Aged Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL).
The primary rating instrument used for assessing psychiatric signs and symptoms in this trial was the Anchored Version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale for Children (BPRS-C) total score.
In this flexible-dose trial, olanzapine 2.5 to 20 mg/day (mean modal dose 12.5 mg/day, mean dose of 11.1 mg/day) was more effective than placebo in the treatment of adolescents diagnosed with schizophrenia, as supported by the statistically significantly greater mean reduction in BPRS-C total score for patients in the olanzapine treatment group than in the placebo group.
While there is no body of evidence available to answer the question of how long the adolescent patient treated with olanzapine should be maintained, maintenance efficacy can be extrapolated from adult data along with comparisons of olanzapine pharmacokinetic parameters in adult and adolescent patients.
It is generally recommended that responding patients be continued beyond the acute response, but at the lowest dose needed to maintain remission.
Patients should be periodically reassessed to determine the need for maintenance treatment.
14.2 Bipolar I Disorder (Manic or Mixed Episodes) Adults Monotherapy — The efficacy of oral olanzapine in the treatment of manic or mixed episodes was established in 2 short-term (one 3-week and one 4-week) placebo-controlled trials in adult patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for bipolar I disorder with manic or mixed episodes.
These trials included patients with or without psychotic features and with or without a rapid-cycling course.
The primary rating instrument used for assessing manic symptoms in these trials was the Young Mania Rating Scale (Y-MRS), an 11-item clinician-rated scale traditionally used to assess the degree of manic symptomatology (irritability, disruptive/aggressive behavior, sleep, elevated mood, speech, increased activity, sexual interest, language/thought disorder, thought content, appearance, and insight) in a range from 0 (no manic features) to 60 (maximum score).
The primary outcome in these trials was change from baseline in the Y-MRS total score.
The results of the trials follow: (1) In one 3-week placebo-controlled trial (n=67) which involved a dose range of olanzapine (5 to 20 mg/day, once daily, starting at 10 mg/day), olanzapine was superior to placebo in the reduction of Y-MRS total score.
In an identically designed trial conducted simultaneously with the first trial, olanzapine demonstrated a similar treatment difference, but possibly due to sample size and site variability, was not shown to be superior to placebo on this outcome.
(2) In a 4-week placebo-controlled trial (n=115) which involved a dose range of olanzapine (5 to 20 mg/day, once daily, starting at 15 mg/day), olanzapine was superior to placebo in the reduction of Y-MRS total score.
(3) In another trial, 361 patients meeting DSM-IV criteria for a manic or mixed episode of bipolar I disorder who had responded during an initial open-label treatment phase for about 2 weeks, on average, to olanzapine 5 to 20 mg/day were randomized to either continuation of olanzapine at their same dose (n=225) or to placebo (n=136), for observation of relapse.
Approximately 50% of the patients had discontinued from the olanzapine group by day 59 and 50% of the placebo group had discontinued by day 23 of double-blind treatment.
Response during the open-label phase was defined by having a decrease of the Y-MRS total score to ≤12 and HAM-D 21 to ≤8.
Relapse during the double-blind phase was defined as an increase of the Y-MRS or HAM-D 21 total score to ≥15, or being hospitalized for either mania or depression.
In the randomized phase, patients receiving continued olanzapine experienced a significantly longer time to relapse.
Adjunct to Lithium or Valproate — The efficacy of oral olanzapine with concomitant lithium or valproate in the treatment of manic or mixed episodes was established in 2 controlled trials in patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for bipolar I disorder with manic or mixed episodes.
These trials included patients with or without psychotic features and with or without a rapid-cycling course.
The results of the trials follow: (1) In one 6-week placebo-controlled combination trial, 175 outpatients on lithium or valproate therapy with inadequately controlled manic or mixed symptoms (Y-MRS ≥16) were randomized to receive either olanzapine or placebo, in combination with their original therapy.
Olanzapine (in a dose range of 5 to 20 mg/day, once daily, starting at 10 mg/day) combined with lithium or valproate (in a therapeutic range of 0.6 mEq/L to 1.2 mEq/L or 50 mcg/mL to 125 mcg/mL, respectively) was superior to lithium or valproate alone in the reduction of Y-MRS total score.
(2) In a second 6-week placebo-controlled combination trial, 169 outpatients on lithium or valproate therapy with inadequately controlled manic or mixed symptoms (Y-MRS ≥16) were randomized to receive either olanzapine or placebo, in combination with their original therapy.
Olanzapine (in a dose range of 5 to 20 mg/day, once daily, starting at 10 mg/day) combined with lithium or valproate (in a therapeutic range of 0.6 mEq/L to 1.2 mEq/L or 50 mcg/mL to 125 mcg/mL, respectively) was superior to lithium or valproate alone in the reduction of Y-MRS total score.
Adolescents Acute Monotherapy – The efficacy of oral olanzapine in the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes in adolescents (ages 13 to 17 years) was established in a 3-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of adolescent inpatients and outpatients who met the diagnostic criteria for manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder (with or without psychotic features) according to the DSM-IV-TR (n=161).
Diagnosis was confirmed by the K-SADS-PL.
The primary rating instrument used for assessing manic symptoms in this trial was the Adolescent Structured Young-Mania Rating Scale (Y-MRS) total score.
In this flexible-dose trial, olanzapine 2.5 to 20 mg/day (mean modal dose 10.7 mg/day, mean dose of 8.9 mg/day) was more effective than placebo in the treatment of adolescents with manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, as supported by the statistically significantly greater mean reduction in Y-MRS total score for patients in the olanzapine treatment group than in the placebo group.
While there is no body of evidence available to answer the question of how long the adolescent patient treated with olanzapine should be maintained, maintenance efficacy can be extrapolated from adult data along with comparisons of olanzapine pharmacokinetic parameters in adult and adolescent patients.
It is generally recommended that responding patients be continued beyond the acute response, but at the lowest dose needed to maintain remission.
Patients should be periodically reassessed to determine the need for maintenance treatment.
HOW SUPPLIED
16 /STORAGE AND HANDLING 16.1 How Supplied Olanzapine tablets are supplied as follows: 2.5 mg tablets: Yellow, oval shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘551’ on one side and plain on other side.
Bottles of 30’s with Child Resistant Cap …………….…………… NDC 62756-551-83 Bottles of 100’s with Child Resistant Cap …………………….…..
NDC 62756-551-88 Bottles of 100’s with Non Child Resistant Cap ….………………..
NDC 62756-551-08 Bottles of 1000’s with Non Child Resistant Cap …………….…… NDC 62756-551-18 5 mg tablets: Yellow, oval shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘552’ on one side and plain on other side.
Bottles of 30’s with Child Resistant Cap …………….…………… NDC 62756-552-83 Bottles of 100’s with Child Resistant Cap …………………….…..
NDC 62756-552-88 Bottles of 100’s with Non Child Resistant Cap….…………….…..
NDC 62756-552-08 Bottles of 1000’s with Non Child Resistant Cap……………..…… NDC 62756-552-18 7.5 mg tablets: Yellow, round shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘553’ on one side and plain on other side.
Bottles of 30’s with Child Resistant Cap …………….…………… NDC 62756-553-83 Bottles of 100’s with Child Resistant Cap …………………….…..
NDC 62756-553-88 Bottles of 100’s with Non Child Resistant Cap….……….………..
NDC 62756-553-08 Bottles of 1000’s with Non Child Resistant Cap……………..…… NDC 62756-553-18 10 mg tablets: Yellow, oval shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘554’ on one side and plain on other side.
Bottles of 30’s with Child Resistant Cap …………….…………… NDC 62756-554-83 Bottles of 100’s with Child Resistant Cap …………………….…..
NDC 62756-554-88 Bottles of 100’s with Non Child Resistant Cap….…………….…..
NDC 62756-554-08 Bottles of 1000’s with Non Child Resistant Cap……………..…… NDC 62756-554-18 15 mg tablets: Yellow, oval shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘555’ on one side and plain on other side.
Bottles of 30’s with Child Resistant Cap …………….…………… NDC 62756-555-83 Bottles of 100’s with Child Resistant Cap …………………….…..
NDC 62756-555-88 Bottles of 100’s with Non Child Resistant Cap….…………………
NDC 62756-555-08 Bottles of 1000’s with Non Child Resistant Cap……………..…… NDC 62756-555-18 20 mg tablets: Yellow, oval shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘556’ on one side and plain on other side.
Bottles of 30’s with Child Resistant Cap …………….…………… NDC 62756-556-83 Bottles of 100’s with Child Resistant Cap …………………….…..
NDC 62756-556-88 Bottles of 100’s with Non Child Resistant Cap….…………….…..
NDC 62756-556-08 Bottles of 1000’s with Non Child Resistant Cap……………..…… NDC 62756-556-18 Olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets are supplied as follows: 5 mg tablets: Yellow, round shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘O5’ on one side and plain on other side.
Unit-dose pack of 10………………………………………………..
NDC 62756-751-66 Unit-dose pack of 30………………………………………………..
NDC 62756-751-64 10 mg tablets: Yellow, round shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘O10’ on one side and plain on other side.
Unit-dose pack of 10………………………………………………..
NDC 62756-754-66 Unit-dose pack of 30………………………………………………..
NDC 62756-754-64 15 mg tablets: Yellow, round shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘O15’ on one side and plain on other side.
Unit-dose pack of 10………………………………………………..
NDC 62756-755-66 Unit-dose pack of 30………………………………………………..
NDC 62756-755-64 20 mg tablets: Yellow, round shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘O20’ on one side and plain on other side.
Unit-dose pack of 10………………………………………………..
NDC 62756-757-66 Unit-dose pack of 30………………………………………………..
NDC 62756-757-64 16.2 Storage and Handling Store olanzapine tablets and olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15° and 30°C (59° and 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].
Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container.
The USP defines controlled room temperature as a temperature maintained thermostatically that encompasses the usual and customary working environment of 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); that results in a mean kinetic temperature calculated to be not more than 25°C; and that allows for excursions between 15° and 30°C (59° and 86°F) that are experienced in pharmacies, hospitals, and warehouses.
Protect olanzapine tablets and olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets from light and moisture.
RECENT MAJOR CHANGES
Warnings and Precautions: Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic 10/2016 Symptoms (DRESS) ( 5.4 ) Orthostatic Hypotension ( 5.7 ) 07/2015
GERIATRIC USE
8.5 Geriatric Use Of the 2,500 patients in premarketing clinical studies with oral olanzapine, 11% (263) were 65 years of age or over.
In patients with schizophrenia, there was no indication of any different tolerability of olanzapine in the elderly compared to younger patients.
Studies in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis have suggested that there may be a different tolerability profile in this population compared to younger patients with schizophrenia.
Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with olanzapine are at an increased risk of death compared to placebo.
In placebo-controlled studies of olanzapine in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis, there was a higher incidence of cerebrovascular adverse events (e.g., stroke, transient ischemic attack) in patients treated with olanzapine compared to patients treated with placebo.
Olanzapine is not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis.
Also, the presence of factors that might decrease pharmacokinetic clearance or increase the pharmacodynamic response to olanzapine should lead to consideration of a lower starting dose for any geriatric patient [see Boxed Warning , Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 ), and Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] .
Clinical studies of olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination did not include sufficient numbers of patients ≥65 years of age to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients.
DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS
3 Olanzapine tablets are available as follows: 2.5 mg: Yellow, oval shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘551’ on one side and plain on other side.
5 mg: Yellow, oval shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘552’ on one side and plain on other side.
7.5 mg: Yellow, round shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘553’ on one side and plain on other side.
10 mg: Yellow, oval shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘554’ on one side and plain on other side.
15 mg: Yellow, oval shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘555’ on one side and plain on other side.
20 mg: Yellow, oval shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘556’ on one side and plain on other side.
Olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets are available as follows: 5 mg: Yellow, round shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘O5’ on one side and plain on other side.
10 mg: Yellow, round shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘O10’ on one side and plain on other side.
15 mg: Yellow, round shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘O15’ on one side and plain on other side.
20 mg: Yellow, round shaped uncoated tablets debossed with ‘O20’ on one side and plain on other side.
Tablets (not scored): 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg ( 3 ) Orally Disintegrating Tablets (not scored): 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, 20 mg ( 3 )
MECHANISM OF ACTION
12.1 Mechanism of Action The mechanism of action of olanzapine, as with other drugs having efficacy in schizophrenia, is unknown.
However, it has been proposed that this drug’s efficacy in schizophrenia is mediated through a combination of dopamine and serotonin type 2 (5HT2) antagonism.
The mechanism of action of olanzapine in the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder is unknown.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
1 Olanzapine is an atypical antipsychotic indicated: As oral formulation for the: Treatment of schizophrenia.
( 1.1 ) Adults: Efficacy was established in three clinical trials in patients with schizophrenia: two 6-week trials and one maintenance trial.
( 14.1 ) Adolescents (ages 13 to 17): Efficacy was established in one 6-week trial in patients with schizophrenia ( 14.1 ).
The increased potential (in adolescents compared with adults) for weight gain and dyslipidemia may lead clinicians to consider prescribing other drugs first in adolescents.
( 1.1 ) Acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder and maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder.
( 1.2 ) Adults: Efficacy was established in three clinical trials in patients with manic or mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder: two 3- to 4-week trials and one maintenance trial.
( 14.2 ) Adolescents (ages 13 to 17): Efficacy was established in one 3- week trial in patients with manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder ( 14.2 ).
The increased potential (in adolescents compared with adults) for weight gain and dyslipidemia may lead clinicians to consider prescribing other drugs first in adolescents.
( 1.2 ) Medication therapy for pediatric patients with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder should be undertaken only after a thorough diagnostic evaluation and with careful consideration of the potential risks.
( 1.3 ) Adjunct to valproate or lithium in the treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder.
( 1.2 ) Efficacy was established in two 6-week clinical trials in adults ( 14.2 ).
Maintenance efficacy has not been systematically evaluated.
As Olanzapine and Fluoxetine in Combination for the: Treatment of depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder.
( 1.5 ) Efficacy was established with Symbyax* (olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination); refer to the product label for Symbyax*.
1.1 Schizophrenia Oral olanzapine is indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia.
Efficacy was established in three clinical trials in adult patients with schizophrenia: two 6-week trials and one maintenance trial.
In adolescent patients with schizophrenia (ages 13 to 17), efficacy was established in one 6-week trial [see Clinical Studies ( 14.1 )] .
When deciding among the alternative treatments available for adolescents, clinicians should consider the increased potential (in adolescents as compared with adults) for weight gain and dyslipidemia.
Clinicians should consider the potential long-term risks when prescribing to adolescents, and in many cases this may lead them to consider prescribing other drugs first in adolescents [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )] .
1.2 Bipolar I Disorder (Manic or Mixed Episodes) Monotherapy — Oral olanzapine is indicated for the acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder and maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder.
Efficacy was established in three clinical trials in adult patients with manic or mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder: two 3- to 4-week trials and one monotherapy maintenance trial.
In adolescent patients with manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder (ages 13 to 17), efficacy was established in one 3-week trial [see Clinical Studies ( 14.2 )] .
When deciding among the alternative treatments available for adolescents, clinicians should consider the increased potential (in adolescents as compared with adults) for weight gain and dyslipidemia.
Clinicians should consider the potential long-term risks when prescribing to adolescents, and in many cases this may lead them to consider prescribing other drugs first in adolescents [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )] .
Adjunctive Therapy to Lithium or Valproate — Oral olanzapine is indicated for the treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder as an adjunct to lithium or valproate.
Efficacy was established in two 6-week clinical trials in adults.
The effectiveness of adjunctive therapy for longer-term use has not been systematically evaluated in controlled trials [see Clinical Studies ( 14.2 )] .
1.3 Special Considerations in Treating Pediatric Schizophrenia and Bipolar I Disorder Pediatric schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder are serious mental disorders; however, diagnosis can be challenging.
For pediatric schizophrenia, symptom profiles can be variable, and for bipolar I disorder, pediatric patients may have variable patterns of periodicity of manic or mixed symptoms.
It is recommended that medication therapy for pediatric schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder be initiated only after a thorough diagnostic evaluation has been performed and careful consideration given to the risks associated with medication treatment.
Medication treatment for both pediatric schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder should be part of a total treatment program that often includes psychological, educational and social interventions.
1.5 Olanzapine and Fluoxetine in Combination: Depressive Episodes Associated with Bipolar I Disorder Oral olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination is indicated for the treatment of depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, based on clinical studies.
When using olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination, refer to the Clinical Studies section of the package insert for Symbyax*.
Olanzapine monotherapy is not indicated for the treatment of depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder.
PEDIATRIC USE
8.4 Pediatric Use The safety and effectiveness of oral olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia and manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder were established in short-term studies in adolescents (ages 13 to 17 years).
Use of olanzapine in adolescents is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of olanzapine in which 268 adolescents received olanzapine in a range of 2.5 to 20 mg/day [see Clinical Studies ( 14.1 , 14.2 )] .
Recommended starting dose for adolescents is lower than that for adults [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.1 , 2.2 )] .
Compared to patients from adult clinical trials, adolescents were likely to gain more weight, experience increased sedation, and have greater increases in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, prolactin and hepatic aminotransferase levels [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 , 5.14 , 5.16 ) and Adverse Reactions ( 6.3 )] .
When deciding among the alternative treatments available for adolescents, clinicians should consider the increased potential (in adolescents as compared with adults) for weight gain and dyslipidemia.
Clinicians should consider the potential long-term risks when prescribing to adolescents, and in many cases this may lead them to consider prescribing other drugs first in adolescents [see Indications and Usage ( 1.1 , 1.2 )] .
Safety and effectiveness of olanzapine in children <13 years of age have not been established [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17.14 )] .
Safety and efficacy of olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination in children and adolescents (10 to 17 years of age) have been established for the acute treatment of depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder.
Safety and effectiveness of olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination in children < 10 years of age have not been established.
PREGNANCY
8.1 Pregnancy Teratogenic Effects, Pregnancy Category C — In oral reproduction studies in rats at doses up to 18 mg/kg/day and in rabbits at doses up to 30 mg/kg/day (9 and 30 times the maximum recommended human daily oral dose on a mg/m 2 basis, respectively) no evidence of teratogenicity was observed.
In an oral rat teratology study, early resorptions and increased numbers of nonviable fetuses were observed at a dose of 18 mg/kg/day (9 times the maximum recommended human daily oral dose on a mg/m 2 basis).
Gestation was prolonged at 10 mg/kg/day (5 times the maximum recommended human daily oral dose on a mg/m 2 basis).
In an oral rabbit teratology study, fetal toxicity (manifested as increased resorptions and decreased fetal weight) occurred at a maternally toxic dose of 30 mg/kg/day (30 times the maximum recommended human daily oral dose on a mg/m 2 basis).
Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, this drug should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Placental transfer of olanzapine occurs in rat pups.
There are no adequate and well-controlled trials with olanzapine in pregnant females.
Seven pregnancies were observed during clinical trials with olanzapine, including 2 resulting in normal births, 1 resulting in neonatal death due to a cardiovascular defect, 3 therapeutic abortions, and 1 spontaneous abortion.
Nonteratogenic Effects – Neonates exposed to antipsychotic drugs (including olanzapine) during the third trimester of pregnancy are at risk for extrapyramidal and/or withdrawal symptoms following delivery.
There have been reports of agitation, hypertonia, hypotonia, tremor, somnolence, respiratory distress and feeding disorder in these neonates.
These complications have varied in severity; while in some cases symptoms have been self-limited, in other cases neonates have required intensive care unit support and prolonged hospitalization.
Olanzapine should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
NUSRING MOTHERS
8.3 Nursing Mothers In a study in lactating, healthy women, olanzapine was excreted in breast milk.
Mean infant dose at steady state was estimated to be 1.8% of the maternal olanzapine dose.
It is recommended that women receiving olanzapine should not breast-feed.
BOXED WARNING
WARNING: INCREASED MORTALITY IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA-RELATED PSYCHOSIS Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death.
Analyses of seventeen placebo-controlled trials (modal duration of 10 weeks), largely in patients taking atypical antipsychotic drugs, revealed a risk of death in drug-treated patients of between 1.6 to 1.7 times the risk of death in placebo-treated patients.
Over the course of a typical 10-week controlled trial, the rate of death in drug-treated patients was about 4.5%, compared to a rate of about 2.6% in the placebo group.
Although the causes of death were varied, most of the deaths appeared to be either cardiovascular (e.g., heart failure, sudden death) or infectious (e.g., pneumonia) in nature.
Observational studies suggest that, similar to atypical antipsychotic drugs, treatment with conventional antipsychotic drugs may increase mortality.
The extent to which the findings of increased mortality in observational studies may be attributed to the antipsychotic drug as opposed to some characteristic(s) of the patients is not clear.
Olanzapine is not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 , 5.13 ) and Patient Counseling Information ( 17.2 )] .
When using olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination, also refer to the Boxed Warning section of the package insert for Symbyax*.
WARNING: INCREASED MORTALITY IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH DEMENTIA-RELATED PSYCHOSIS See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning.
Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death.
Olanzapine is not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis.
( 5.1 , 5.13 , 17.2 ) When using olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination, also refer to the Boxed Warning section of the package insert for Symbyax*.
WARNING AND CAUTIONS
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS When using olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination, also refer to the Warnings and Precautions section of the package insert for Symbyax*.
Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis: Increased risk of death and increased incidence of cerebrovascular adverse events (e.g., stroke, transient ischemic attack).
( 5.1 ) Suicide: The possibility of a suicide attempt is inherent in schizophrenia and in bipolar I disorder, and close supervision of high-risk patients should accompany drug therapy; when using in combination with fluoxetine, also refer to the Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions sections of the package insert for Symbyax*.
( 5.2 ) Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: Manage with immediate discontinuation and close monitoring.
( 5.3 ) Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) : Discontinue if DRESS is suspected.
( 5.4 ) Metabolic Changes: Atypical antipsychotic drugs have been associated with metabolic changes including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and weight gain.
( 5.5 ) Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus: In some cases extreme and associated with ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar coma or death, has been reported in patients taking olanzapine.
Patients taking olanzapine should be monitored for symptoms of hyperglycemia and undergo fasting blood glucose testing at the beginning of, and periodically during, treatment.
( 5.5 ) Dyslipidemia: Undesirable alterations in lipids have been observed.
Appropriate clinical monitoring is recommended, including fasting blood lipid testing at the beginning of, and periodically during, treatment.
( 5.5 ) Weight Gain: Potential consequences of weight gain should be considered.
Patients should receive regular monitoring of weight.
( 5.5 ) Tardive Dyskinesia: Discontinue if clinically appropriate.
( 5.6 ) Orthostatic Hypotension: Orthostatic hypotension associated with dizziness, tachycardia, bradycardia and, in some patients, syncope, may occur especially during initial dose titration.
Use caution in patients with cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and those conditions that could affect hemodynamic responses.
( 5.7 ) Leukopenia, Neutropenia, and Agranulocytosis: Has been reported with antipsychotics, including olanzapine.
Patients with a history of a clinically significant low white blood cell count (WBC) or drug induced leukopenia/neutropenia should have their complete blood count (CBC) monitored frequently during the first few months of therapy and discontinuation of olanzapine should be considered at the first sign of a clinically significant decline in WBC in the absence of other causative factors.
( 5.8 ) Seizures: Use cautiously in patients with a history of seizures or with conditions that potentially lower the seizure threshold.
( 5.10 ) Potential for Cognitive and Motor Impairment: Has potential to impair judgment, thinking, and motor skills.
Use caution when operating machinery.
( 5.11 ) Hyperprolactinemia: May elevate prolactin levels.
( 5.14 ) Use in Combination with Fluoxetine, Lithium or Valproate: Also refer to the package inserts for Symbyax*, lithium, or valproate.
( 5.15 ) Laboratory Tests: Monitor fasting blood glucose and lipid profiles at the beginning of, and periodically during, treatment.
( 5.16 ) 5.1 Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis Increased Mortality — Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death.
Olanzapine is not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis [see Boxed Warning , Warnings and Precautions ( 5.13 ), and Patient Counseling Information ( 17.2 )] .
In placebo-controlled clinical trials of elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis, the incidence of death in olanzapine-treated patients was significantly greater than placebo-treated patients (3.5% vs 1.5%, respectively).
Cerebrovascular Adverse Events (CVAE), Including Stroke — Cerebrovascular adverse events (e.g., stroke, transient ischemic attack), including fatalities, were reported in patients in trials of olanzapine in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis.
In placebo-controlled trials, there was a significantly higher incidence of cerebrovascular adverse events in patients treated with olanzapine compared to patients treated with placebo.
Olanzapine is not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis [see Boxed Warning and Patient Counseling Information ( 17.2 )] .
5.2 Suicide The possibility of a suicide attempt is inherent in schizophrenia and in bipolar I disorder, and close supervision of high-risk patients should accompany drug therapy.
Prescriptions for olanzapine should be written for the smallest quantity of tablets consistent with good patient management, in order to reduce the risk of overdose.
5.3 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) A potentially fatal symptom complex sometimes referred to as Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) has been reported in association with administration of antipsychotic drugs, including olanzapine.
Clinical manifestations of NMS are hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status and evidence of autonomic instability (irregular pulse or blood pressure, tachycardia, diaphoresis and cardiac dysrhythmia).
Additional signs may include elevated creatinine phosphokinase, myoglobinuria (rhabdomyolysis), and acute renal failure.
The diagnostic evaluation of patients with this syndrome is complicated.
In arriving at a diagnosis, it is important to exclude cases where the clinical presentation includes both serious medical illness (e.g., pneumonia, systemic infection, etc.) and untreated or inadequately treated extrapyramidal signs and symptoms (EPS).
Other important considerations in the differential diagnosis include central anticholinergic toxicity, heat stroke, drug fever, and primary central nervous system pathology.
The management of NMS should include: 1) immediate discontinuation of antipsychotic drugs and other drugs not essential to concurrent therapy; 2) intensive symptomatic treatment and medical monitoring; and 3) treatment of any concomitant serious medical problems for which specific treatments are available.
There is no general agreement about specific pharmacological treatment regimens for NMS.
If a patient requires antipsychotic drug treatment after recovery from NMS, the potential reintroduction of drug therapy should be carefully considered.
The patient should be carefully monitored, since recurrences of NMS have been reported [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17.3 )] .
5.4 Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) has been reported with olanzapine exposure.
DRESS may present with a cutaneous reaction (such as rash or exfoliative dermatitis), eosinophilia, fever, and/or lymphadenopathy with systemic complications such as hepatitis, nephritis, pneumonitis, myocarditis, and/or pericarditis.
DRESS is sometimes fatal.
Discontinue olanzapine if DRESS is suspected [see Patient Counseling Information ( )].
Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) has been reported with olanzapine exposure.
DRESS may present with a cutaneous reaction (such as rash or exfoliative dermatitis), eosinophilia, fever, and/or lymphadenopathy with systemic complications such as hepatitis, nephritis, pneumonitis, myocarditis, and/or pericarditis.
DRESS is sometimes fatal.
Discontinue olanzapine if DRESS is suspected [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17.4 )].
5.5 Metabolic Changes Atypical antipsychotic drugs have been associated with metabolic changes including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and weight gain.
Metabolic changes may be associated with increased cardiovascular/cerebrovascular risk.
Olanzapine’s specific metabolic profile is presented below.
Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus Physicians should consider the risks and benefits when prescribing olanzapine to patients with an established diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, or having borderline increased blood glucose level (fasting 100 to 126 mg/dL, nonfasting 140 to 200 mg/dL).
Patients taking olanzapine should be monitored regularly for worsening of glucose control.
Patients starting treatment with olanzapine should undergo fasting blood glucose testing at the beginning of treatment and periodically during treatment.
Any patient treated with atypical antipsychotics should be monitored for symptoms of hyperglycemia including polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, and weakness.
Patients who develop symptoms of hyperglycemia during treatment with atypical antipsychotics should undergo fasting blood glucose testing.
In some cases, hyperglycemia has resolved when the atypical antipsychotic was discontinued; however, some patients required continuation of anti-diabetic treatment despite discontinuation of the suspect drug [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17.5 )] .
Hyperglycemia, in some cases extreme and associated with ketoacidosis or hyperosmolar coma or death, has been reported in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics including olanzapine.
Assessment of the relationship between atypical antipsychotic use and glucose abnormalities is complicated by the possibility of an increased background risk of diabetes mellitus in patients with schizophrenia and the increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus in the general population.
Epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk of treatment-emergent hyperglycemia-related adverse reactions in patients treated with the atypical antipsychotics.
While relative risk estimates are inconsistent, the association between atypical antipsychotics and increases in glucose levels appears to fall on a continuum and olanzapine appears to have a greater association than some other atypical antipsychotics.
Mean increases in blood glucose have been observed in patients treated (median exposure of 9.2 months) with olanzapine in phase 1 of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE).
The mean increase of serum glucose (fasting and nonfasting samples) from baseline to the average of the 2 highest serum concentrations was 15 mg/dL.
In a study of healthy volunteers, subjects who received olanzapine (N=22) for 3 weeks had a mean increase compared to baseline in fasting blood glucose of 2.3 mg/dL.
Placebo-treated subjects (N=19) had a mean increase in fasting blood glucose compared to baseline of 0.34 mg/dL.
Olanzapine Monotherapy in Adults — In an analysis of 5 placebo-controlled adult olanzapine monotherapy studies with a median treatment duration of approximately 3 weeks, olanzapine was associated with a greater mean change in fasting glucose levels compared to placebo (2.76 mg/dL versus 0.17 mg/dL).
The difference in mean changes between olanzapine and placebo was greater in patients with evidence of glucose dysregulation at baseline (patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus or related adverse reactions, patients treated with anti-diabetic agents, patients with a baseline random glucose level ≥200 mg/dL, and/or a baseline fasting glucose level ≥126 mg/dL).
Olanzapine-treated patients had a greater mean HbA1c increase from baseline of 0.04% (median exposure 21 days), compared to a mean HbA1c decrease of 0.06% in placebo-treated subjects (median exposure 17 days).
In an analysis of 8 placebo-controlled studies (median treatment exposure 4 to 5 weeks), 6.1% of olanzapine-treated subjects (N=855) had treatment-emergent glycosuria compared to 2.8% of placebo-treated subjects (N=599).
Table 2 shows short-term and long-term changes in fasting glucose levels from adult olanzapine monotherapy studies.
Table 2: Changes in Fasting Glucose Levels from Adult Olanzapine Monotherapy Studies Up to 12 weeks exposure At least 48 weeks exposure Laboratory Analyte Category Change (at least once) from Baseline Treatment Arm N Patients N Patients Fasting Glucose Normal to High (<100 mg/dL to ≥126 mg/dL) Olanzapine 543 2.2% 345 12.8% Placebo 293 3.4% NA Not Applicable.
NA Borderline to High (≥100 mg/dL and <126 mg/dL to ≥126 mg/dL) Olanzapine 178 17.4% 127 26% Placebo 96 11.5% NA NA The mean change in fasting glucose for patients exposed at least 48 weeks was 4.2 mg/dL (N=487).
In analyses of patients who completed 9 to 12 months of olanzapine therapy, mean change in fasting and nonfasting glucose levels continued to increase over time.
Olanzapine Monotherapy in Adolescents — The safety and efficacy of olanzapine have not been established in patients under the age of 13 years.
In an analysis of 3 placebo-controlled olanzapine monotherapy studies of adolescent patients, including those with schizophrenia (6 weeks) or bipolar I disorder (manic or mixed episodes) (3 weeks), olanzapine was associated with a greater mean change from baseline in fasting glucose levels compared to placebo (2.68 mg/dL versus -2.59 mg/dL).
The mean change in fasting glucose for adolescents exposed at least 24 weeks was 3.1 mg/dL (N=121).
Table 3 shows short-term and long-term changes in fasting blood glucose from adolescent olanzapine monotherapy studies.
Table 3: Changes in Fasting Glucose Levels from Adolescent Olanzapine Monotherapy Studies Up to 12 weeks exposure At least 24 weeks exposure Laboratory Analyte Category Change (at least once) from Baseline Treatment Arm N Patients N Patients Fasting Glucose Normal to High (<100 mg/dL to ≥126 mg/dL) Olanzapine 124 0% 108 0.9% Placebo 53 1.9% NA NA Borderline to High (≥100 mg/dL and <126 mg/dL to ≥126 mg/dL) Olanzapine 14 14.3% 13 23.1% Placebo 13 0% NA NA Not Applicable Dyslipidemia Undesirable alterations in lipids have been observed with olanzapine use.
Clinical monitoring, including baseline and periodic follow-up lipid evaluations in patients using olanzapine, is recommended [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17.6 )] .
Clinically significant, and sometimes very high (>500 mg/dL), elevations in triglyceride levels have been observed with olanzapine use.
Modest mean increases in total cholesterol have also been seen with olanzapine use.
Olanzapine Monotherapy in Adults — In an analysis of 5 placebo-controlled olanzapine monotherapy studies with treatment duration up to 12 weeks, olanzapine-treated patients had increases from baseline in mean fasting total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides of 5.3 mg/dL, 3 mg/dL, and 20.8 mg/dL respectively compared to decreases from baseline in mean fasting total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides of 6.1 mg/dL, 4.3 mg/dL, and 10.7 mg/dL for placebo-treated patients.
For fasting HDL cholesterol, no clinically meaningful differences were observed between olanzapine-treated patients and placebo-treated patients.
Mean increases in fasting lipid values (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides) were greater in patients without evidence of lipid dysregulation at baseline, where lipid dysregulation was defined as patients diagnosed with dyslipidemia or related adverse reactions, patients treated with lipid lowering agents, or patients with high baseline lipid levels.
In long-term studies (at least 48 weeks), patients had increases from baseline in mean fasting total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides of 5.6 mg/dL, 2.5 mg/dL, and 18.7 mg/dL, respectively, and a mean decrease in fasting HDL cholesterol of 0.16 mg/dL.
In an analysis of patients who completed 12 months of therapy, the mean nonfasting total cholesterol did not increase further after approximately 4 to 6 months.
The proportion of patients who had changes (at least once) in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol or triglycerides from normal or borderline to high, or changes in HDL cholesterol from normal or borderline to low, was greater in long-term studies (at least 48 weeks) as compared with short-term studies.
Table 4 shows categorical changes in fasting lipids values.
Table 4: Changes in Fasting Lipids Values from Adult Olanzapine Monotherapy Studies Up to 12 weeks exposure At least 48 weeks exposure Laboratory Analyte Category Change (at least once) from Baseline Treatment Arm N Patients N Patients Fasting Triglycerides Increase by ≥50 mg/dL Olanzapine 745 39.6% 487 61.4% Placebo 402 26.1% NA Not Applicable NA Normal to High (<150 mg/dL to ≥200 mg/dL) Olanzapine 457 9.2% 293 32.4% Placebo 251 4.4% NA NA Borderline to High (≥150 mg/dL and <200 mg/dL to ≥200 mg/dL) Olanzapine 135 39.3% 75 70.7% Placebo 65 20% NA NA Fasting Total Cholesterol Increase by ≥40 mg/dL Olanzapine 745 21.6% 489 32.9% Placebo 402 9.5% NA NA Normal to High (<200 mg/dL to ≥240 mg/dL) Olanzapine 392 2.8% 283 14.8% Placebo 207 2.4% NA NA Borderline to High (≥200 mg/dL and <240 mg/dL to ≥240 mg/dL) Olanzapine 222 23% 125 55.2% Placebo 112 12.5% NA NA Fasting LDL Cholesterol Increase by ≥30 mg/dL Olanzapine 536 23.7% 483 39.8% Placebo 304 14.1% NA NA Normal to High (<100 mg/dL to ≥160 mg/dL) Olanzapine 154 0% 123 7.3% Placebo 82 1.2% NA NA Borderline to High (≥100 mg/dL and <160 mg/dL to ≥160 mg/dL) Olanzapine 302 10.6% 284 31% Placebo 173 8.1% NA NA In phase 1 of the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE), over a median exposure of 9.2 months, the mean increase in triglycerides in patients taking olanzapine was 40.5 mg/dL.
In phase 1 of CATIE, the mean increase in total cholesterol was 9.4 mg/dL.
Olanzapine Monotherapy in Adolescents — The safety and efficacy of olanzapine have not been established in patients under the age of 13 years.
In an analysis of 3 placebo-controlled olanzapine monotherapy studies of adolescents, including those with schizophrenia (6 weeks) or bipolar I disorder (manic or mixed episodes) (3 weeks), olanzapine-treated adolescents had increases from baseline in mean fasting total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides of 12.9 mg/dL, 6.5 mg/dL, and 28.4 mg/dL, respectively, compared to increases from baseline in mean fasting total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol of 1.3 mg/dL and 1 mg/dL, and a decrease in triglycerides of 1.1 mg/dL for placebo-treated adolescents.
For fasting HDL cholesterol, no clinically meaningful differences were observed between olanzapine-treated adolescents and placebo-treated adolescents.
In long-term studies (at least 24 weeks), adolescents had increases from baseline in mean fasting total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides of 5.5 mg/dL, 5.4 mg/dL, and 20.5 mg/dL, respectively, and a mean decrease in fasting HDL cholesterol of 4.5 mg/dL.
Table 5 shows categorical changes in fasting lipids values in adolescents.
Table 5: Changes in Fasting Lipids Values from Adolescent Olanzapine Monotherapy Studies Up to 6 weeks exposure At least 24 weeks exposure Laboratory Analyte Category Change (at least once) from Baseline Treatment Arm N Patients N Patients Fasting Triglycerides Increase by ≥50 mg/dL Olanzapine 138 37% 122 45.9% Placebo 66 15.2% NA Not-applicable NA Normal to High (130 mg/dL) Olanzapine 67 26.9% 66 36.4% Placebo 28 10.7% NA NA Borderline to High (≥90 mg/dL and ≤130 mg/dL to >130 mg/dL) Olanzapine 37 59.5% 31 64.5% Placebo 17 35.3% NA NA Fasting Total Cholesterol Increase by ≥40 mg/dL Olanzapine 138 14.5% 122 14.8% Placebo 66 4.5% NA NA Normal to High (<170 mg/dL to ≥200 mg/dL) Olanzapine 87 6.9% 78 7.7% Placebo 43 2.3% NA NA Borderline to High (≥170 mg/dL and <200 mg/dL to ≥200 mg/dL) Olanzapine 36 38.9% 33 57.6% Placebo 13 7.7% NA NA Fasting LDL Cholesterol Increase by ≥30 mg/dL Olanzapine 137 17.5% 121 22.3% Placebo 63 11.1% NA NA Normal to High (<110 mg/dL to ≥130 mg/dL) Olanzapine 98 5.1% 92 10.9% Placebo 44 4.5% NA NA Borderline to High (≥110 mg/dL and <130 mg/dL to ≥130 mg/dL) Olanzapine 29 48.3% 21 47.6% Placebo 9 0% NA NA Weight Gain Potential consequences of weight gain should be considered prior to starting olanzapine.
Patients receiving olanzapine should receive regular monitoring of weight [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17.7 )] .
Olanzapine Monotherapy in Adults — In an analysis of 13 placebo-controlled olanzapine monotherapy studies, olanzapine-treated patients gained an average of 2.6 kg (5.7 lb) compared to an average 0.3 kg (0.6 lb) weight loss in placebo-treated patients with a median exposure of 6 weeks; 22.2% of olanzapine-treated patients gained at least 7% of their baseline weight, compared to 3% of placebo-treated patients, with a median exposure to event of 8 weeks; 4.2% of olanzapine-treated patients gained at least 15% of their baseline weight, compared to 0.3% of placebo-treated patients, with a median exposure to event of 12 weeks.
Clinically significant weight gain was observed across all baseline Body Mass Index (BMI) categories.
Discontinuation due to weight gain occurred in 0.2% of olanzapine-treated patients and in 0% of placebo-treated patients.
In long-term studies (at least 48 weeks), the mean weight gain was 5.6 kg (12.3 lb) (median exposure of 573 days, N=2,021).
The percentages of patients who gained at least 7%, 15%, or 25% of their baseline body weight with long-term exposure were 64%, 32%, and 12%, respectively.
Discontinuation due to weight gain occurred in 0.4% of olanzapine-treated patients following at least 48 weeks of exposure.
Table 6 includes data on adult weight gain with olanzapine pooled from 86 clinical trials.
The data in each column represent data for those patients who completed treatment periods of the durations specified.
Table 6: Weight Gain with Olanzapine Use in Adults Amount Gained kg (lb) 6 Weeks (N=7,465) (%) 6 Months (N=4,162) (%) 12 Months (N=1,345) (%) 24 Months (N=474) (%) 36 Months (N=147) (%) ≤0 26.2 24.3 20.8 23.2 17 0 to ≤5 (0 to 11 lb) 57 36 26 23.4 25.2 >5 to ≤10 (11 to 22 lb) 14.9 24.6 24.2 24.1 18.4 >10 to ≤15 (22 to 33 lb) 1.8 10.9 14.9 11.4 17 >15 to ≤20 (33 to 44 lb) 0.1 3.1 8.6 9.3 11.6 >20 to ≤25 (44 to 55 lb) 0 0.9 3.3 5.1 4.1 >25 to ≤30 (55 to 66 lb) 0 0.2 1.4 2.3 4.8 >30 (>66 lb) 0 0.1 0.8 1.2 2 Dose group differences with respect to weight gain have been observed.
In a single 8-week randomized, double-blind, fixed-dose study comparing 10 (N=199), 20 (N=200) and 40 (N=200) mg/day of oral olanzapine in adult patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, mean baseline to endpoint increase in weight (10 mg/day: 1.9 kg; 20 mg/day: 2.3 kg; 40 mg/day: 3 kg) was observed with significant differences between 10 vs 40 mg/day.
Olanzapine Monotherapy in Adolescents — The safety and efficacy of olanzapine have not been established in patients under the age of 13 years.
Mean increase in weight in adolescents was greater than in adults.
In 4 placebo-controlled trials, discontinuation due to weight gain occurred in 1% of olanzapine-treated patients, compared to 0% of placebo-treated patients.
Table 7: Weight Gain with Olanzapine Use in Adolescents from 4 Placebo-Controlled Trials Olanzapine-treated patients Placebo-treated patients Mean change in body weight from baseline (median exposure = 3 weeks) 4.6 kg (10.1 lb) 0.3 kg (0.7 lb) Percentage of patients who gained at least 7% of baseline body weight 40.6% (median exposure to 7% = 4 weeks) 9.8% (median exposure to 7% = 8 weeks) Percentage of patients who gained at least 15% of baseline body weight 7.1% (median exposure to 15% = 19 weeks) 2.7% (median exposure to 15% = 8 weeks) In long-term studies (at least 24 weeks), the mean weight gain was 11.2 kg (24.6 lb); (median exposure of 201 days, N=179).
The percentages of adolescents who gained at least 7%, 15%, or 25% of their baseline body weight with long-term exposure were 89%, 55%, and 29%, respectively.
Among adolescent patients, mean weight gain by baseline BMI category was 11.5 kg (25.3 lb), 12.1 kg (26.6 lb), and 12.7 kg (27.9 lb), respectively, for normal (N=106), overweight (N=26) and obese (N=17).
Discontinuation due to weight gain occurred in 2.2% of olanzapine-treated patients following at least 24 weeks of exposure.
Table 8 shows data on adolescent weight gain with olanzapine pooled from 6 clinical trials.
The data in each column represent data for those patients who completed treatment periods of the durations specified.
Little clinical trial data is available on weight gain in adolescents with olanzapine beyond 6 months of treatment.
Table 8: Weight Gain with Olanzapine Use in Adolescents Amount Gained kg (lb) 6 Weeks (N=243) (%) 6 Months (N=191) (%) ≤0 2.9 2.1 0 to ≤5 (0 to 11 lb) 47.3 24.6 >5 to ≤10 (11 to 22 lb) 42.4 26.7 >10 to ≤15 (22 to 33 lb) 5.8 22 >15 to ≤20 (33 to 44 lb) 0.8 12.6 >20 to ≤25 (44 to 55 lb) 0.8 9.4 >25 to ≤30 (55 to 66 lb) 0 2.1 >30 to ≤35 (66 to 77 lb) 0 0 >35 to ≤40 (77 to 88 lb) 0 0 >40 (>88 lb) 0 0.5 5.6 Tardive Dyskinesia A syndrome of potentially irreversible, involuntary, dyskinetic movements may develop in patients treated with antipsychotic drugs.
Although the prevalence of the syndrome appears to be highest among the elderly, especially elderly women, it is impossible to rely upon prevalence estimates to predict, at the inception of antipsychotic treatment, which patients are likely to develop the syndrome.
Whether antipsychotic drug products differ in their potential to cause tardive dyskinesia is unknown.
The risk of developing tardive dyskinesia and the likelihood that it will become irreversible are believed to increase as the duration of treatment and the total cumulative dose of antipsychotic drugs administered to the patient increase.
However, the syndrome can develop, although much less commonly, after relatively brief treatment periods at low doses or may even arise after discontinuation of treatment.
There is no known treatment for established cases of tardive dyskinesia, although the syndrome may remit, partially or completely, if antipsychotic treatment is withdrawn.
Antipsychotic treatment, itself, however, may suppress (or partially suppress) the signs and symptoms of the syndrome and thereby may possibly mask the underlying process.
The effect that symptomatic suppression has upon the long-term course of the syndrome is unknown.
Given these considerations, olanzapine should be prescribed in a manner that is most likely to minimize the occurrence of tardive dyskinesia.
Chronic antipsychotic treatment should generally be reserved for patients (1) who suffer from a chronic illness that is known to respond to antipsychotic drugs, and (2) for whom alternative, equally effective, but potentially less harmful treatments are not available or appropriate.
In patients who do require chronic treatment, the smallest dose and the shortest duration of treatment producing a satisfactory clinical response should be sought.
The need for continued treatment should be reassessed periodically.
If signs and symptoms of tardive dyskinesia appear in a patient on olanzapine, drug discontinuation should be considered.
However, some patients may require treatment with olanzapine despite the presence of the syndrome.
For specific information about the warnings of lithium or valproate, refer to the Warnings section of the package inserts for these other products.
5.7 Orthostatic Hypotension Olanzapine may induce orthostatic hypotension associated with dizziness, tachycardia, bradycardia and, in some patients, syncope, especially during the initial dose-titration period, probably reflecting its α -adrenergic antagonistic properties .
Olanzapine may induce orthostatic hypotension associated with dizziness, tachycardia, bradycardia and, in some patients, syncope, especially during the initial dose-titration period, probably reflecting its α 1 -adrenergic antagonistic properties [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17.8 )] .
an analysis of the vital sign data in an integrated database of 41 completed clinical studies in adult patients treated with oral olanzapine, orthostatic hypotension was recorded in ≥20% (1,277/6,030) of patients.
From an analysis of the vital sign data in an integrated database of 41 completed clinical studies in adult patients treated with oral olanzapine, orthostatic hypotension was recorded in ≥20% (1,277/6,030) of patients.
For oral olanzapine therapy, the risk of orthostatic hypotension and syncope may be minimized by initiating therapy with 5 mg QD .
A more gradual titration to the target dose should be considered if hypotension occurs.
For oral olanzapine therapy, the risk of orthostatic hypotension and syncope may be minimized by initiating therapy with 5 mg QD [see Dosage and Administration ( 2 )] .
A more gradual titration to the target dose should be considered if hypotension occurs.
Syncope was reported in 0.6% (15/2,500) of olanzapine-treated patients in phase 2 to 3 oral olanzapine studies.
Syncope was reported in 0.6% (15/2,500) of olanzapine-treated patients in phase 2 to 3 oral olanzapine studies.
The risk for this sequence of hypotension, bradycardia, and sinus pause may be greater in nonpsychiatric patients compared to psychiatric patients who are possibly more adapted to certain effects of psychotropic drugs.The risk for this sequence of hypotension, bradycardia, and sinus pause may be greater in nonpsychiatric patients compared to psychiatric patients who are possibly more adapted to certain effects of psychotropic drugs.
Olanzapine should be used with particular caution in patients with known cardiovascular disease (history of myocardial infarction or ischemia, heart failure, or conduction abnormalities), cerebrovascular disease, and conditions which would predispose patients to hypotension (dehydration, hypovolemia, and treatment with antihypertensive medications) where the occurrence of syncope, or hypotension and/or bradycardia might put the patient at increased medical risk.Olanzapine should be used with particular caution in patients with known cardiovascular disease (history of myocardial infarction or ischemia, heart failure, or conduction abnormalities), cerebrovascular disease, and conditions which would predispose patients to hypotension (dehydration, hypovolemia, and treatment with antihypertensive medications) where the occurrence of syncope, or hypotension and/or bradycardia might put the patient at increased medical risk.
Caution is necessary in patients who receive treatment with other drugs having effects that can induce hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory or central nervous system depression .
Caution is necessary in patients who receive treatment with other drugs having effects that can induce hypotension, bradycardia, respiratory or central nervous system depression [see Drug Interactions ( 7 )] .
5.8 Leukopenia, Neutropenia, and Agranulocytosis Class Effect — In clinical trial and/or postmarketing experience, events of leukopenia/neutropenia have been reported temporally related to antipsychotic agents, including olanzapine.
Agranulocytosis has also been reported.
Possible risk factors for leukopenia/neutropenia include preexisting low white blood cell count (WBC) and history of drug induced leukopenia/neutropenia.
Patients with a history of a clinically significant low WBC or drug induced leukopenia/neutropenia should have their complete blood count (CBC) monitored frequently during the first few months of therapy and discontinuation of olanzapine should be considered at the first sign of a clinically significant decline in WBC in the absence of other causative factors.
Patients with clinically significant neutropenia should be carefully monitored for fever or other symptoms or signs of infection and treated promptly if such symptoms or signs occur.
Patients with severe neutropenia (absolute neutrophil count <1,000/mm 3 ) should discontinue olanzapine and have their WBC followed until recovery.
5.9 Dysphagia Esophageal dysmotility and aspiration have been associated with antipsychotic drug use.
Aspiration pneumonia is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with advanced Alzheimer’s disease.
Olanzapine is not approved for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
5.10 Seizures During premarketing testing, seizures occurred in 0.9% (22/2,500) of olanzapine-treated patients.
There were confounding factors that may have contributed to the occurrence of seizures in many of these cases.
Olanzapine should be used cautiously in patients with a history of seizures or with conditions that potentially lower the seizure threshold, e.g., Alzheimer’s dementia.
Olanzapine is not approved for the treatment of patients with Alzheimer’s disease.
Conditions that lower the seizure threshold may be more prevalent in a population of 65 years or older.
5.11 Potential for Cognitive and Motor Impairment Somnolence was a commonly reported adverse reaction associated with olanzapine treatment, occurring at an incidence of 26% in olanzapine patients compared to 15% in placebo patients.
This adverse reaction was also dose related.
Somnolence led to discontinuation in 0.4% (9/2,500) of patients in the premarketing database.
Since olanzapine has the potential to impair judgment, thinking, or motor skills, patients should be cautioned about operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles, until they are reasonably certain that olanzapine therapy does not affect them adversely [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17.9 )] .
5.12 Body Temperature Regulation Disruption of the body’s ability to reduce core body temperature has been attributed to antipsychotic agents.
Appropriate care is advised when prescribing olanzapine for patients who will be experiencing conditions which may contribute to an elevation in core body temperature, e.g., exercising strenuously, exposure to extreme heat, receiving concomitant medication with anticholinergic activity, or being subject to dehydration [see Patient Counseling Information ( 17.10 )] .
5.13 Use in Patients with Concomitant Illness Clinical experience with olanzapine in patients with certain concomitant systemic illnesses is limited [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] .
Olanzapine exhibits in vitro muscarinic receptor affinity.
In premarketing clinical trials with olanzapine, olanzapine was associated with constipation, dry mouth, and tachycardia, all adverse reactions possibly related to cholinergic antagonism.
Such adverse reactions were not often the basis for discontinuations from olanzapine, but olanzapine should be used with caution in patients with clinically significant prostatic hypertrophy, narrow angle glaucoma, or a history of paralytic ileus or related conditions.
In 5 placebo-controlled studies of olanzapine in elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis (n=1,184), the following treatment-emergent adverse reactions were reported in olanzapine-treated patients at an incidence of at least 2% and significantly greater than placebo-treated patients: falls, somnolence, peripheral edema, abnormal gait, urinary incontinence, lethargy, increased weight, asthenia, pyrexia, pneumonia, dry mouth and visual hallucinations.
The rate of discontinuation due to adverse reactions was greater with olanzapine than placebo (13% vs 7%).
Elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with olanzapine are at an increased risk of death compared to placebo.
Olanzapine is not approved for the treatment of patients with dementia-related psychosis [see Boxed Warning , Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ), and Patient Counseling Information ( 17.2 )] .
Olanzapine has not been evaluated or used to any appreciable extent in patients with a recent history of myocardial infarction or unstable heart disease.
Patients with these diagnoses were excluded from premarketing clinical studies.
Because of the risk of orthostatic hypotension with olanzapine, caution should be observed in cardiac patients [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7 )] .
5.14 Hyperprolactinemia As with other drugs that antagonize dopamine D2 receptors, olanzapine elevates prolactin levels, and the elevation persists during chronic administration.
Hyperprolactinemia may suppress hypothalamic GnRH, resulting in reduced pituitary gonadotropin secretion.
This, in turn, may inhibit reproductive function by impairing gonadal steroidogenesis in both female and male patients.
Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, and impotence have been reported in patients receiving prolactin-elevating compounds.
Long-standing hyperprolactinemia when associated with hypogonadism may lead to decreased bone density in both female and male subjects.
Tissue culture experiments indicate that approximately one-third of human breast cancers are prolactin dependent in vitro , a factor of potential importance if the prescription of these drugs is contemplated in a patient with previously detected breast cancer.
As is common with compounds which increase prolactin release, an increase in mammary gland neoplasia was observed in the olanzapine carcinogenicity studies conducted in mice and rats [see Nonclinical Toxicology ( 13.1 )] .
Neither clinical studies nor epidemiologic studies conducted to date have shown an association between chronic administration of this class of drugs and tumorigenesis in humans; the available evidence is considered too limited to be conclusive at this time.
In placebo-controlled olanzapine clinical studies (up to 12 weeks), changes from normal to high in prolactin concentrations were observed in 30% of adults treated with olanzapine as compared to 10.5% of adults treated with placebo.
In a pooled analysis from clinical studies including 8,136 adults treated with olanzapine, potentially associated clinical manifestations included menstrual-related events 1 (2% [49/3,240] of females), sexual function-related events 2 (2% [150/8,136] of females and males), and breast-related events 3 (0.7% [23/3,240] of females, 0.2% [9/4,896] of males).
In placebo-controlled olanzapine monotherapy studies in adolescent patients (up to 6 weeks) with schizophrenia or bipolar I disorder (manic or mixed episodes), changes from normal to high in prolactin concentrations were observed in 47% of olanzapine-treated patients compared to 7% of placebo-treated patients.
In a pooled analysis from clinical trials including 454 adolescents treated with olanzapine, potentially associated clinical manifestations included menstrual-related events 1 (1% [2/168] of females), sexual function-related events 2 (0.7% [3/454] of females and males), and breast-related events 3 (2% [3/168] of females, 2% [7/286] of males) [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.4 )] .
1 Based on a search of the following terms: amenorrhea, hypomenorrhea, menstruation delayed, and oligomenorrhea.
2 Based on a search of the following terms: anorgasmia, delayed ejaculation, erectile dysfunction, decreased libido, loss of libido, abnormal orgasm, and sexual dysfunction.
3 Based on a search of the following terms: breast discharge, enlargement or swelling, galactorrhea, gynecomastia, and lactation disorder.
Dose group differences with respect to prolactin elevation have been observed.
In a single 8-week randomized, double-blind, fixed-dose study comparing 10 (N=199), 20 (N=200) and 40 (N=200) mg/day of oral olanzapine in adult patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, incidence of prolactin elevation >24.2 ng/mL (female) or >18.77 ng/mL (male) at any time during the trial (10 mg/day: 31.2%; 20 mg/day: 42.7%; 40 mg/day: 61.1%) indicated significant differences between 10 vs 40 mg/day and 20 vs 40 mg/day.
5.15 Use in Combination with Fluoxetine, Lithium, or Valproate When using olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination, the prescriber should also refer to the Warnings and Precautions section of the package insert for Symbyax*.
When using olanzapine in combination with lithium or valproate, the prescriber should refer to the Warnings and Precautions sections of the package inserts for lithium or valproate [see Drug Interactions ( 7 )] .
5.16 Laboratory Tests Fasting blood glucose testing and lipid profile at the beginning of, and periodically during, treatment is recommended [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 ) and Patient Counseling Information ( 17.5 , 17.6 )] .
INFORMATION FOR PATIENTS
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION See FDA-approved Medication Guide for the oral formulations.
Patients should be advised of the following issues and asked to alert their prescriber if these occur while taking olanzapine as monotherapy or in combination with fluoxetine.
If you do not think you are getting better or have any concerns about your condition while taking olanzapine , call your doctor.
When using olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination, also refer to the Patient Counseling Information section of the package insert for Symbyax*.
17.1 Information on Medication Guide Prescribers or other health professionals should inform patients, their families, and their caregivers about the potential benefits and potential risks associated with treatment with olanzapine , and should counsel them in its appropriate use.
A patient Medication Guide is available for olanzapine tablets and olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets.
Prescribers or other health professionals should instruct patients, their families, and their caregivers to read the Medication Guide and should assist them in understanding its contents.
Patients should be given the opportunity to discuss the contents of the Medication Guide and to obtain answers to any questions they may have.
When using olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination, also refer to the Medication Guide for Symbyax*.
17.2 Elderly Patients with Dementia-Related Psychosis: Increased Mortality and Cerebrovascular Adverse Events (CVAE), Including Stroke Patients and caregivers should be advised that elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with antipsychotic drugs are at an increased risk of death.
Patients and caregivers should be advised that elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis treated with olanzapine had a significantly higher incidence of cerebrovascular adverse events (e.g., stroke, transient ischemic attack) compared with placebo.
Olanzapine is not approved for elderly patients with dementia-related psychosis [see Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] .
17.3 Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS) Patients and caregivers should be counseled that a potentially fatal symptom complex sometimes referred to as NMS has been reported in association with administration of antipsychotic drugs, including olanzapine .
Signs and symptoms of NMS include hyperpyrexia, muscle rigidity, altered mental status, and evidence of autonomic instability (irregular pulse or blood pressure, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and cardiac dysrhythmia) [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] .
17.4 Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) Patients should be advised to report to their health care provider at the earliest onset of any signs and symptoms that may be associated with Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )].
17.5 Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus Patients should be advised of the potential risk of hyperglycemia-related adverse reactions.
Patients should be monitored regularly for worsening of glucose control.
Patients who have diabetes should follow their doctor’s instructions about how often to check their blood sugar while taking olanzapine [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )] .
17.6 Dyslipidemia Patients should be counseled that dyslipidemia has occurred during treatment with olanzapine.
Patients should have their lipid profile monitored regularly [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )] .
17.7 Weight Gain Patients should be counseled that weight gain has occurred during treatment with olanzapine.
Patients should have their weight monitored regularly [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )] .
17.8 Orthostatic Hypotension Patients should be advised of the risk of orthostatic hypotension, especially during the period of initial dose titration and in association with the use of concomitant drugs that may potentiate the orthostatic effect of olanzapine, e.g., diazepam or alcohol [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7 ) and Drug Interactions ( 7 )] .
Patients should be advised to change positions carefully to help prevent orthostatic hypotension, and to lie down if they feel dizzy or faint, until they feel better.
Patients should be advised to call their doctor if they experience any of the following signs and symptoms associated with orthostatic hypotension: dizziness, fast or slow heartbeat, or fainting.
17.9 Potential for Cognitive and Motor Impairment Because olanzapine has the potential to impair judgment, thinking, or motor skills, patients should be cautioned about operating hazardous machinery, including automobiles, until they are reasonably certain that olanzapine therapy does not affect them adversely [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.11 )] .
17.10 Body Temperature Regulation Patients should be advised regarding appropriate care in avoiding overheating and dehydration.
Patients should be advised to call their doctor right away if they become severely ill and have some or all of these symptoms of dehydration: sweating too much or not at all, dry mouth, feeling very hot, feeling thirsty, not able to produce urine [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.12 )] .
17.11 Concomitant Medication Patients should be advised to inform their physicians if they are taking, or plan to take, Symbyax*.
Patients should also be advised to inform their physicians if they are taking, plan to take, or have stopped taking any prescription or over-the-counter drugs, including herbal supplements, since there is a potential for interactions [see Drug Interactions ( 7 )].
17.12 Alcohol Patients should be advised to avoid alcohol while taking olanzapine [see Drug Interactions ( 7 )] .
17.13 Phenylketonurics Olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets contain phenylalanine (0.31 mg, 0.63 mg, 0.94 mg, or 1.25 mg per 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, or 20 mg tablet, respectively) [see Description ( 11 )] .
17.14 Use in Specific Populations Pregnancy – Patients should be advised to notify their physician if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during therapy with olanzapine [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.1 )].
Nursing Mothers – Patients should be advised not to breast-feed an infant if they are taking olanzapine [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.3 )].
Pediatric Use – Olanzapine is indicated for treatment of schizophrenia and manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder in adolescents 13 to 17 years of age.
Compared to patients from adult clinical trials, adolescents were likely to gain more weight, experience increased sedation, and have greater increases in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, prolactin, and hepatic aminotransferase levels.
Patients should be counseled about the potential long-term risks associated with olanzapine and advised that these risks may lead them to consider other drugs first [see Indications and Usage ( 1.1 , 1.2 )].
Safety and effectiveness of olanzapine in patients under 13 years of age have not been established.
Safety and efficacy of olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination in patients 10 to 17 years of age have been established for the acute treatment of depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder.
Safety and effectiveness of olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination in patients <10 years of age have not been established [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 ) and Use in Specific Populations ( 8.4 )].
17.15 Need for Comprehensive Treatment Program in Pediatric Patients Olanzapine is indicated as an integral part of a total treatment program for pediatric patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder that may include other measures (psychological, educational, social) for patients with the disorder.
Effectiveness and safety of olanzapine have not been established in pediatric patients less than 13 years of age.
Atypical antipsychotics are not intended for use in the pediatric patient who exhibits symptoms secondary to environmental factors and/or other primary psychiatric disorders.
Appropriate educational placement is essential and psychosocial intervention is often helpful.
The decision to prescribe atypical antipsychotic medication will depend upon the physician’s assessment of the chronicity and severity of the patient’s symptoms [see Indications and Usage ( 1.3 )].
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2 Schizophrenia in adults ( 2.1 ) Oral: Start at 5 mg to 10 mg once daily; Target: 10 mg/day within several days Schizophrenia in adolescents ( 2.1 ) Oral: Start at 2.5 mg to 5 mg once daily; Target: 10 mg/day Bipolar I Disorder (manic or mixed episodes) in adults ( 2.2 ) Oral: Start at 10 mg or 15 mg once daily Bipolar I Disorder (manic or mixed episodes) in adolescents ( 2.2 ) Oral: Start at 2.5 mg to 5 mg once daily; Target: 10 mg/day Bipolar I Disorder (manic or mixed episodes) with lithium or valproate in adults ( 2.2 ) Oral: Start at 10 mg once daily Depressive Episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder in adults ( 2.5 ) Oral in combination with fluoxetine: Start at 5 mg of oral olanzapine and 20 mg of fluoxetine once daily Depressive Episodes associated with Bipolar I Disorder in children and adolescents ( 2.5 ) Oral in combination with fluoxetine: Start at 2.5 mg of oral olanzapine and 20 mg of fluoxetine once daily Lower starting dose recommended in debilitated or pharmacodynamically sensitive patients or patients with predisposition to hypotensive reactions, or with potential for slowed metabolism.
( 2.1 ) Olanzapine may be given without regard to meals.
( 2.1 ) Olanzapine and Fluoxetine in Combination: Dosage adjustments, if indicated, should be made with the individual components according to efficacy and tolerability.
( 2.5 ) Olanzapine monotherapy is not indicated for the treatment of depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder.
( 2.5 ) Safety of coadministration of doses above 18 mg olanzapine with 75 mg fluoxetine has not been evaluated in adults.
( 2.5 ) Safety of co-administration of doses above 12 mg olanzapine with 50 mg fluoxetine has not been evaluated in children and adolescents ages 10 to 17.
( 2.5 ) 2.1 Schizophrenia Adults Dose Selection — Oral olanzapine should be administered on a once-a-day schedule without regard to meals, generally beginning with 5 to 10 mg initially, with a target dose of 10 mg/day within several days.
Further dosage adjustments, if indicated, should generally occur at intervals of not less than 1 week, since steady state for olanzapine would not be achieved for approximately 1 week in the typical patient.
When dosage adjustments are necessary, dose increments/decrements of 5 mg QD are recommended.
Efficacy in schizophrenia was demonstrated in a dose range of 10 to 15 mg/day in clinical trials.
However, doses above 10 mg/day were not demonstrated to be more efficacious than the 10 mg/day dose.
An increase to a dose greater than the target dose of 10 mg/day (i.e., to a dose of 15 mg/day or greater) is recommended only after clinical assessment.
Olanzapine is not indicated for use in doses above 20 mg/day.
Dosing in Special Populations — The recommended starting dose is 5 mg in patients who are debilitated, who have a predisposition to hypotensive reactions, who otherwise exhibit a combination of factors that may result in slower metabolism of olanzapine (e.g., nonsmoking female patients ≥65 years of age), or who may be more pharmacodynamically sensitive to olanzapine [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.13 ), Drug Interactions ( 7 ), and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] .
When indicated, dose escalation should be performed with caution in these patients.
Maintanance Treatment — The effectiveness of oral olanzapine, 10 mg/day to 20 mg/day, in maintaining treatment response in schizophrenic patients who had been stable on olanzapine for approximately 8 weeks and were then followed for relapse has been demonstrated in a placebo-controlled trial [see Clinical Studies ( 14.1 )] .
The physician who elects to use olanzapine for extended periods should periodically reevaluate the long-term usefulness of the drug for the individual patient.
Adolescents Dose Selection — Oral olanzapine should be administered on a once-a-day schedule without regard to meals with a recommended starting dose of 2.5 or 5 mg, with a target dose of 10 mg/day.
Efficacy in adolescents with schizophrenia was demonstrated based on a flexible dose range of 2.5 to 20 mg/day in clinical trials, with a mean modal dose of 12.5 mg/day (mean dose of 11.1 mg/day).
When dosage adjustments are necessary, dose increments/decrements of 2.5 or 5 mg are recommended.
The safety and effectiveness of doses above 20 mg/day have not been evaluated in clinical trials [see Clinical Studies ( 14.1 )].
Maintenance Treatment — The efficacy of olanzapine for the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia in the adolescent population has not been systematically evaluated; however, maintenance efficacy can be extrapolated from adult data along with comparisons of olanzapine pharmacokinetic parameters in adult and adolescent patients.
Thus, it is generally recommended that responding patients be continued beyond the acute response, but at the lowest dose needed to maintain remission.
Patients should be periodically reassessed to determine the need for maintenance treatment.
2.2 Bipolar I Disorder (Manic or Mixed Episodes) Dose Selection for Monotherapy — Oral olanzapine should be administered on a once-a-day schedule without regard to meals, generally beginning with 10 or 15 mg.
Dosage adjustments, if indicated, should generally occur at intervals of not less than 24 hours, reflecting the procedures in the placebo-controlled trials.
When dosage adjustments are necessary, dose increments/decrements of 5 mg QD are recommended.
Short-term (3 to 4 weeks) antimanic efficacy was demonstrated in a dose range of 5 mg to 20 mg/day in clinical trials.
The safety of doses above 20 mg/day has not been evaluated in clinical trials [see Clinical Studies ( 14.2 )] .
Maintenance Monotherapy — The benefit of maintaining bipolar I patients on monotherapy with oral olanzapine at a dose of 5 to 20 mg/day, after achieving a responder status for an average duration of 2 weeks, was demonstrated in a controlled trial [see Clinical Studies ( 14.2 )] .
The physician who elects to use olanzapine for extended periods should periodically reevaluate the long-term usefulness of the drug for the individual patient.
Dose Selection for Adjunctive Treatment — When administered as adjunctive treatment to lithium or valproate, oral olanzapine dosing should generally begin with 10 mg once-a-day without regard to meals.
Antimanic efficacy was demonstrated in a dose range of 5 mg to 20 mg/day in clinical trials [see Clinical Studies ( 14.2 )] .
The safety of doses above 20 mg/day has not been evaluated in clinical trials.
Adolescents Dose Selection — Oral olanzapine should be administered on a once-a-day schedule without regard to meals with a recommended starting dose of 2.5 or 5 mg, with a target dose of 10 mg/day.
Efficacy in adolescents with bipolar I disorder (manic or mixed episodes) was demonstrated based on a flexible dose range of 2.5 to 20 mg/day in clinical trials, with a mean modal dose of 10.7 mg/day (mean dose of 8.9 mg/day).
When dosage adjustments are necessary, dose increments/decrements of 2.5 or 5 mg are recommended.
The safety and effectiveness of doses above 20 mg/day have not been evaluated in clinical trials [see Clinical Studies ( 14.2 )] .
Maintenance Treatment — The efficacy of olanzapine for the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder in the adolescent population has not been evaluated; however, maintenance efficacy can be extrapolated from adult data along with comparisons of olanzapine pharmacokinetic parameters in adult and adolescent patients.
Thus, it is generally recommended that responding patients be continued beyond the acute response, but at the lowest dose needed to maintain remission.
Patients should be periodically reassessed to determine the need for maintenance treatment.
2.3 Administration of olanzapine orally disintegrating tablets Peel back foil on blister.
Do not push tablet through foil.
Immediately upon opening the blister, using dry hands, remove tablet and place entire olanzapine orally disintegrating tablet in the mouth.
Tablet disintegration occurs rapidly in saliva so it can be easily swallowed with or without liquid.
2.5 Olanzapine and Fluoxetine in Combination: Depressive Episodes Associated with Bipolar I Disorder When using olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination, also refer to the Clinical Studies section of the package insert for Symbyax*.
Adults Oral olanzapine should be administered in combination with fluoxetine once daily in the evening, without regard to meals, generally beginning with 5 mg of oral olanzapine and 20 mg of fluoxetine.
Dosage adjustments, if indicated, can be made according to efficacy and tolerability within dose ranges of oral olanzapine 5 mg to 12.5 mg and fluoxetine 20 mg to 50 mg.
Antidepressant efficacy was demonstrated with olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination in adult patients with a dose range of olanzapine 6 mg to 12 mg and fluoxetine 25 mg to 50 mg.
Safety of coadministration of doses above 18 mg olanzapine with 75 mg fluoxetine has not been evaluated in clinical studies.
Children and Adolescents (10 to 17 years of age) Oral olanzapine should be administered in combination with fluoxetine once daily in the evening, without regard to meals, generally beginning with 2.5 mg of oral olanzapine and 20 mg of fluoxetine.
Dosage adjustments, if indicated, can be made according to efficacy and tolerability.
Safety of co-administration of doses above 12 mg olanzapine with 50 mg fluoxetine has not been evaluated in pediatric clinical studies.
Safety and efficacy of olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination was determined in clinical trials supporting approval of Symbyax* (fixed dose combination of olanzapine and fluoxetine).
Symbyax* is dosed between 3 mg/25 mg (olanzapine/fluoxetine) per day and 12 mg/50 mg (olanzapine/fluoxetine) per day.
The following table demonstrates the appropriate individual component doses of olanzapine and fluoxetine versus Symbyax*.
Dosage adjustments, if indicated, should be made with the individual components according to efficacy and tolerability.
Table 1: Approximate Dose Correspondence Between Symbyax* and the Combination of Olanzapine and Fluoxetine For Symbyax* (mg/day) Use in Combination Olanzapine (mg/day) Fluoxetine (mg/day) 3 mg olanzapine/25 mg fluoxetine 2.5 20 6 mg olanzapine/25 mg fluoxetine 5 20 12 mg olanzapine/25 mg fluoxetine 10+2.5 20 6 mg olanzapine/50 mg fluoxetine 5 40+10 12 mg olanzapine/50 mg fluoxetine 10+2.5 40+10 While there is no body of evidence to answer the question of how long a patient treated with olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination should remain on it, it is generally accepted that bipolar I disorder, including the depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder, is a chronic illness requiring chronic treatment.
The physician should periodically reexamine the need for continued pharmacotherapy.
Olanzapine monotherapy is not indicated for the treatment of depressive episodes associated with bipolar I disorder.
2.7 Olanzapine and Fluoxetine in Combination: Dosing in Special Populations The starting dose of oral olanzapine 2.5 mg to 5 mg with fluoxetine 20 mg should be used for patients with a predisposition to hypotensive reactions, patients with hepatic impairment, or patients who exhibit a combination of factors that may slow the metabolism of olanzapine or fluoxetine in combination (female gender, geriatric age, nonsmoking status), or those patients who may be pharmacodynamically sensitive to olanzapine.
Dosing modification may be necessary in patients who exhibit a combination of factors that may slow metabolism.
When indicated, dose escalation should be performed with caution in these patients.
Olanzapine and fluoxetine in combination have not been systematically studied in patients over 65 years of age or in patients under 10 years of age [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.13 ), Drug Interactions ( 7 ), and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] .